ArticleScientific reports2023
Bald eagle mortality and nest failure due to clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza a virus.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Counting cases, conserving species: addressing highly pathogenic avian influenza in wildlife.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Contrast-Enhanced CT of the Coelom in a Female Bald Eagle (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Article
- The influence of diet-mediated exposure of avian influenza on adult survival, recruitment and territory occupancy in peregrine falcons.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Disease susceptibility and biological vulnerability of black vultures to fatal clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Development and characterization of chicken lung organoids for in vitro modeling of avian influenza virus-host cell interaction.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The role of wild birds in the global highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 panzootic, 2020-2023.npj biodiversity · 2026Review
- Transboundary Spread and Ecological Drivers of HPAI H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b During the 2022-2023 Outbreak in Chile: An Integrated Genomic and Spatial Epidemiology Framework.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Avian influenza spillover into poultry: environmental influences and biosecurity protections.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Intensive transmission in wild, migratory birds drove rapid geographic dissemination and repeated spillovers of H5N1 into agriculture in North America.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Multidisciplinary Tracking of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Outbreak in Griffon Vultures, Southern Europe, 2022.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Pathology in a Common Shorebird Species (Sanderling;Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Increased Mortality Rates Caused by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in a Migratory Raptor.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Article
- Novel host factors associated with resistance to highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds inferred from primary cell culture.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Living in the city: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a novel threat to an urban population of Florida burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia floridana) in south Florida.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Article
- Exposure and survival of wild raptors during the 2022-2023 highly pathogenic influenza a virus outbreak.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals.Nature · 2025Review
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Contributes to the Population Decline of the Peregrine Falcon (Viruses · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a culturally and ecologically vital species in North America that embodies conservation success but continues to face threats that include emerging pathogens. The introduction of A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage highly pathogenic (HP) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 influenza A virus (IAV) in North America in late 2021 resulted in high rates of mortality among bald eagles. Here we show an alarming rate of bald eagle nest failure and mortality attributed to HP IAV. We documented fatal, systemic HP IAV infection in breeding adult and nestling bald eagles along the southeastern U.S. coast. Concurrently, annual bald eagle nest surveys in Georgia and Florida revealed a precipitous drop in success in coastal counties compared with previous years, portending negative impacts on population recruitment. As an apex predator and efficient scavenger, it is likely that bald eagles become infected through consumption of infected waterfowl. These results and similar reports of raptor mortality in Europe, Asia, and Africa, indicate a clear threat to raptor health. The possible long-term persistence of HP H5N1 IAV in North America poses an impending threat to bald eagle populations not only related to direct mortality but also decreased recruitment and warrants continued efforts to understand these potential impacts.
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