ArticleFrontiers in neurology2022
Confounds in neuroimaging: A clear case of sex as a confound in brain-based prediction.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect sizes for brain-based predictive models of cognition across the lifespan.Communications psychology · 2026Review
- The Neurocircuitry of Cannabis Cue Reactivity in Cannabis Use Disorder: A Functional Neuroimaging Study.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Connectome-based predictive modelling predicts frailty levels in older adults.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Connectome-based predictive modeling of grip strength: a marker of physical frailty.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Accurate sex prediction of cisgender and transgender individuals without brain size bias.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Muscle weakness is common in many neurological, neuromuscular, and musculoskeletal conditions. Muscle size only partially explains muscle strength as adaptions within the nervous system also contribute to strength. Brain-based biomarkers of neuromuscular function could provide diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value in treating these disorders. Therefore, we sought to characterize and quantify the brain's contribution to strength by developing multimodal MRI pipelines to predict grip strength. However, the prediction of strength was not straightforward, and we present a case of sex being a clear confound in brain decoding analyses. While each MRI modality-structural MRI (i.e., gray matter morphometry), diffusion MRI (i.e., white matter fractional anisotropy), resting state functional MRI (i.e., functional connectivity), and task-evoked functional MRI (i.e., left or right hand motor task activation)-and a multimodal prediction pipeline demonstrated significant predictive power for strength (
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