Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36600904›Full record

ArticleAutism in adulthood2022

Investigating Markers of Rapport in Autistic and Nonautistic Interactions.

Olivia M Rifai, Sue Fletcher-Watson, Lorena Jiménez-Sánchez, Catherine J Crompton

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Autism in adulthood, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Article
  4. Navigating Mixed-Neurotype Dialogue: Environmental and Affective Influences on Autistic Speakers.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026
    Article
  5. Exposure, Extinction, and Cognitive Appraisals in Autistic Adults With Social Anxiety: Evidence From a Structured Speech Exposure Task.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Partner-dependent communication without dynamic adaptation in autism.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Rapport in same and mixed neurotype groups of autistic and non-autistic adults.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2025
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Altered Patterns of Dynamic Functional Connectivity Underpin Reduced Expressions of Social-Emotional Reciprocity in Autistic Adults.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Olivia M RifaiTranslational Neuroscience PhD Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-1110
Sue Fletcher-WatsonSalvesen Mindroom Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Lorena Jiménez-SánchezTranslational Neuroscience PhD Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Catherine J CromptonSalvesen Mindroom Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5280-1596

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Autism is considered to entail a social impairment whereby autistic people experience difficulty interpreting others' mental states. However, recent research has shown that nonautistic people also have difficulty understanding the mental states of autistic people. This mismatch of understanding may explain lower rapport in interactions between autistic and nonautistic people. As mental states can be expressed externally through socially normed signals, it is important to investigate the role of such signals in autistic, nonautistic, and mixed interactions. This study explores variability in two social signals between autistic, nonautistic, and mixed interactions, and how their use may affect rapport within interactions. Methods: Videos from a previous study of autistic, nonautistic, and mixed pair interactions in a diffusion chain context in which participants were aware of others' diagnostic status were video coded for mutual gaze and backchanneling as candidate indicators of interactional rapport. Results: Although use of mutual gaze and backchanneling was lower in mixed pairs than in nonautistic pairs, corresponding to lower ratings of interactional rapport, less backchanneling in autistic pairs of both nonverbal and verbal subtypes corresponded to higher ratings of rapport. Conclusions: We observed differences in the use of candidate rapport markers between autistic, mixed, and nonautistic interactions, which did not map onto patterns of rapport scores, suggesting differences in reliance on these cues between autistic and nonautistic people. These results suggest that visible markers of rapport may vary by neurotype or pairing and give clues to inform future investigations of autistic interaction.

Indexed as

autismbackchannelingdouble empathymutual gazenaturalistic communicationvideo coding

Identifiers

PMID36600904
PMCPMC8992924

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.