Observational studyBMJ open2022
Patterns of smoked and smokeless tobacco use among multimorbid and non-multimorbid middle-aged and older-aged adults in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ecological and health impacts of tobacco farming in Pakistan: A mixed-methods approach toward a sustainable pathway for agricultural transition.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Nested multilevel modelling study of smoking and smokeless tobacco consumption among middle aged and elderly Indian adults: distribution, determinants and socioeconomic disparities.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe objective of this study was to compare the patterns of smoked and smokeless tobacco use among multimorbid and non-multimorbid middle-aged and older-aged individuals in Karachi, Pakistan. STUDY
designThis was an observational cross-sectional study conducted during 2015-2016. STUDY SETTING AND
participantsA total of 3250 participants aged 30 years and above, residing in the Gulshan-e-Iqbal town, Karachi, Pakistan were enrolled in the study through systematic random sampling. The selected area of residence represents diverse socioeconomic and ethnic groups of the city. People who could speak and write English or Urdu, and those who provided written informed consent were included in the study. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure of the study was to determine the differences in patterns of tobacco consumption among multimorbid and non-multimorbid adult individuals.
resultsWe found no difference in patterns of smoked (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.15, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.50, p=0.289) or smokeless tobacco (aOR 1.13, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.48, p= 0.379) use among multimorbid and non-multimorbid individuals. Individuals who perceived tobacco as a risk were less likely to consume smokeless tobacco products.
conclusionThere was no difference in tobacco consumption among individuals with and without multimorbidity. Evidenced-based guidelines are required to implement mental and behavioural interventions in patients with multiple chronic diseases to help them modify their behaviours.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.