ArticleBMJ open2022
What is the relationship between deprivation, modifiable factors and childhood deaths: a cohort study using the English National Child MortalityDatabase.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Disability free life expectancy: a simulation study of scenarios to extend healthy years and reduce inequalities.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- The fetal exposome: cellular and epigenetic programming of neonatal immune function.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Changes in child suicide rates and characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic in England.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Does neonatal care delivery in England and Wales vary by deprivation and ethnicity: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Observational
- Precarity in the Modes of Living: Proposing an Index for Studying Health Inequities at the Ecological Level in Colombia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Deaths in children in England from SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first 2 years of the pandemic: a cohort study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Child mortality in England after national lockdowns for COVID-19: An analysis of childhood deaths, 2019-2023.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Race and Ethnicity, Deprivation, and Infant Mortality in England, 2019-2022.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Newborn Health and Child Mortality Across England.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Inequalities in smoking among pregnant women in North West London.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- How Does Living in Temporary Accommodation and the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact under 5s' Healthcare Access and Health Outcomes? A Qualitative Study of Key Professionals in a Socially and Ethnically Diverse and Deprived Area of London.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesThe aim of this analysis is to identify the patterns of social deprivation and childhood mortality; and identify potential points where public health, social and education interventions, or health policy may be best targeted.
designDecile of deprivation and underlying population distribution was derived using Office for National Statistics data. The risk of death was then derived using a Poisson regression model, calculating the increasing risk of death for each increasing deprivation decile.
settingEngland.
participants2688 deaths before 18 years of age reviewed between April 2019 and March 2020.
main outcome measuresThe relationship between deprivation and risk of death; for deaths with, and without modifiable factors.
resultsThere was evidence of increasing mortality risk with increase in deprivation decile, with children in the least deprived areas having a mortality of 13.25 (11.78-14.86) per 100 000 person-years, compared with 31.14 (29.13-33.25) in the most deprived decile (RR 1.08 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.10)); with the gradient of risk stronger in children who died with modifiable factors than those without (RR 1.12 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.15)) vs (RR 1.07 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.08)). Deprivation subdomains of employment, adult education, barriers to housing and services, and indoor living environments appeared to be the most important predictors of child mortality
conclusionsThere is a clear gradient of increasing child mortality across England as measures of deprivation increase; with a striking finding that this varied little by area, age or other demographic factor. Over one-fifth of all child deaths may be avoided if the most deprived half of the population had the same mortality as the least deprived. Children dying in more deprived areas may have a greater proportion of avoidable deaths. Adult employment, and improvements to housing, may be the most efficient place to target resources to reduce these inequalities.
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