ArticleBMC medicine2023
Individual and neighborhood risk factors of hospital admission and death during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based cohort study.
Article in BMC medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of natural outdoor environment on COVID-19 mortality and hospitalisations among older community-dwellers in the pre-vaccination period: the Register RELOC-AGE cohort study in Sweden.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Where you live and where you receive care: Using cross-classified multilevel modeling to examine hospital and neighborhood variation in in-hospital mortality and mortality disparities.Annals of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Optimizing RT-qPCR multiplex assays for simultaneous detection of enteric and respiratory viruses in wastewater.Journal of water and health · 2025Article
- To what extent did mortality from COVID-19 in England and Wales differ for migrants compared to non-migrants in 2020 and 2021? A descriptive, observational study.European journal of public health · 2024Observational
- From test to rest: evaluating socioeconomic differences along the COVID-19 care pathway in the Netherlands.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2024Observational
- COVID-19 among migrants, refugees, and internally displaced persons: systematic review, meta-analysis and qualitative synthesis of the global empirical literature.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Increased mortality in socioeconomic disadvantaged municipalities during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Lombardy region.European journal of public health · 2024Article
- COVID-19 hospitalization, mortality and pre-mature mortality by a history of immigration in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Differences in Covid-19 mortality among persons 70 years and older in an integrated care setting in region Stockholm: a multi-level analysis between March 2020-February 2021.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Variability in excess deaths across countries with different vulnerability during 2020-2023.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Remdesivir: Effectiveness and Safety in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 (ReEs-COVID-19)-Analysis of Data from Daily Practice.Microorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disproportionately affects minority populations in the USA. Sweden - like other Nordic countries - have less income and wealth inequality but lacks data on the socioeconomic impact on the risk of adverse outcomes due to COVID-19.
methodsThis population-wide study from March 2020 to March 2022 included all adults in Stockholm, except those in nursing homes or receiving in-home care. Data sources include hospitals, primary care (individual diagnoses), the Swedish National Tax Agency (death dates), the Total Population Register "RTB" (sex, age, birth country), the Household Register (size of household), the Integrated Database For Labor Market Research "LISA" (educational level, income, and occupation), and SmiNet (COVID data). Individual exposures include education, income, type of work and ability to work from home, living area and living conditions as well as the individual country of origin and co-morbidities. Additionally, we have data on the risks associated with living areas. We used a Cox proportional hazards model and logistic regression to estimate associations. Area-level covariates were used in a principal component analysis to generate a measurement of neighborhood deprivation. As outcomes, we used hospitalization and death due to COVID-19.
resultsAmong the 1,782,125 persons, male sex, comorbidities, higher age, and not being born in Sweden increase the risk of hospitalization and death. So does lower education and lower income, the lowest incomes doubled the risk of death from COVID-19. Area estimates, where the model includes individual risks, show that high population density and a high percentage of foreign-born inhabitants increased the risk of hospitalization.
conclusionsSegregation and deprivation are public health issues elucidated by COVID-19. Neighborhood deprivation, prevalent in Stockholm, adds to individual risks and is associated with hospitalization and death. This finding is paramount for governments, agencies, and healthcare institutions interested in targeted interventions.
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