ArticlePlant communications2023
Chloroplasts prevent precocious flowering through a GOLDEN2-LIKE-B-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN module.
Article in Plant communications, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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19 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Landscape of plastid DNA breaks in Arabidopsis during development and environmental stimulus.The Plant cell · 2026Article
- Multifaceted roles of BBX transcription factors: impacts on key agronomical traits and environmental resilience.The New phytologist · 2026Review
- Cytokinin-GLK regulatory module promotes the acquisition of photosynthetic activity and cell cycle re-entry in a green-flower mutant ofFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- The MdGLK1-MdBZR1 Module Integrates Ethylene and Strigolactone Signals to Regulate Cold Tolerance via a CBF-Dependent Pathway in Apple.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Pod photosynthesis: a new frontier for developing stress-resilient and high-yielding crops.Plant & cell physiology · 2025Review
- Analysis of mechanisms underlying accelerated plant growth induced by NtGLK85 overexpression in tobacco.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Delay in Flowering Time inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The transcriptional regulator VAL1 promotes Arabidopsis flowering by repressing the organ boundary genes BOP1 and BOP2.Plant physiology · 2025Article
- Transcript-Wide Identification and Characterization of the BBX Gene Family inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Genome-Wide Identification ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The first intron and promoter of Arabidopsis DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE 1 exert synergistic effects on pollen and embryo lipid accumulation.The New phytologist · 2025Article
- Light controls mesophyll-specific post-transcriptional splicing of photoregulatory genes by AtPRMT5.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Natural genetic variation in GLK1-mediated photosynthetic acclimation in response to light.BMC plant biology · 2024Article
- BPG4 regulates chloroplast development and homeostasis by suppressing GLK transcription factors and involving light and brassinosteroid signaling.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The pleiotropic functions of GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors in plants.Frontiers in plant science · 2024Review
- Involvement of CONSTANS-like Proteins in Plant Flowering and Abiotic Stress Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Genome-Wide Analysis of theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Map-based cloning of the APRR2 gene controlling green stigma in bitter gourd (Frontiers in plant science · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The timing of flowering is tightly controlled by signals that integrate environmental and endogenous cues. Sugars produced by carbon fixation in the chloroplast are a crucial endogenous cue for floral initiation. Chloroplasts also convey information directly to the nucleus through retrograde signaling to control plant growth and development. Here, we show that mutants defective in chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development flowered early, especially under long-day conditions, although low sugar accumulation was seen in some mutants. Plants treated with the bleaching herbicide norflurazon also flowered early, suggesting that chloroplasts have a role in floral repression. Among retrograde signaling mutants, the golden2-like 1 (glk1) glk2 double mutants showed early flowering under long-day conditions. This early flowering was completely suppressed by constans (co) and flowering locus t (ft) mutations. Leaf vascular-specific knockdown of both GLK1 and GLK2 phenocopied the glk1 glk2 mutants. GLK1 and GLK2 repress flowering by directly activating the expression of B-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN 14 (BBX14), BBX15, and BBX16 via CCAATC cis-elements in the BBX genes. BBX14/15/16 physically interact with CO in the nucleus, and expression of BBXs hampered CO-mediated FT transcription. Simultaneous knockdown of BBX14/15/16 by artificial miRNA (35S::amiR-BBX14/15/16) caused early flowering with increased FT transcript levels, whereas BBX overexpression caused late flowering. Flowering of glk1/2 and 35S::amiR-BBX14/15/16 plants was insensitive to norflurazon treatment. Taking these observations together, we propose that the GLK1/2-BBX14/15/16 module provides a novel mechanism explaining how the chloroplast represses flowering to balance plant growth and reproductive development.
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