ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation2023
Impact of antigenic evolution and original antigenic sin on SARS-CoV-2 immunity.
Review in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of a modified Omicron-adapted inactivated vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled Phase III clinical trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Pre-vaccine sentinel antibodies predict blunted vaccine responses.Cell press blue · 2026Article
- JN.1-adapted vaccination is associated with readjustment of ancestral memory B cells toward neutralization within the JN.1 antigenic space.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Evaluating Memory B Cell Cross-Reactivity Between Ancestral and Future SARS-CoV-2 Variants-Evidence for Original Antigenic Sin.Vaccines · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection reveals imprinted antibody responses in the absence of vaccination.iScience · 2026Article
- AI-aided design of multi-epitope peptide vaccine elicits cellular and humoral immunity to broad Omicron subvariants.Zoological research · 2026Article
- HKU1 immune imprinting is associated with post-COVID symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection.iScience · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 crossreactive B-cells outnumber seasonal coronavirus spike-specific clones at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic.Npj viruses · 2026Article
- State-of-the-art of the high dose influenza vaccine in Spain.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Booster dose reshapes SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific B cell immunity in people living with HIV.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- A safe and broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine with a new delivery system for in-situ expression.Virologica Sinica · 2025Article
- A 22 month prospective assessment of neutralizing and IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants following homologous and heterologous BNT162b2 boosting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- An adjuvanted chimeric spike antigen boosts lung-resident memory T-cells and induces pan-sarbecovirus protective immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Immune response dynamics to SARS-CoV-2 in the Albanian population: A study on T-cell and antibody interactions during the transition from pandemic to endemic phase.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Article
- Article
- Subgenomic RNA and Limited Cross-Reactive Neutralising Antibodies Point to Potential Improvements in SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Handling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Observational
- A computationally designed antigen eliciting broad humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 and related sarbecoviruses.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and vaccinations targeting the spike protein (S) offer protective immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This immunity may further be shaped by cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses. Mutations arising in S that are associated with altered intrinsic virus properties and immune escape result in the continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Potentially, vaccine updates will be required to protect against future variants of concern, as for influenza. To offer potent protection against future variants, these second-generation vaccines may need to redirect immunity to epitopes associated with immune escape and not merely boost immunity toward conserved domains in preimmune individuals. For influenza, efficacy of repeated vaccination is hampered by original antigenic sin, an attribute of immune memory that leads to greater induction of antibodies specific to the first-encountered variant of an immunogen compared with subsequent variants. In this Review, recent findings on original antigenic sin are discussed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Unanswered questions and future directions are highlighted, with an emphasis on the impact on disease outcome and vaccine design.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.