ArticleTobacco control2023
Dose-response effects of two nicotine salt formulations on electronic cigarette appeal and sensory attributes.
Article in Tobacco control, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03742817 (Effects of e-Cigarettes on Perceptions and Behavior), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of e-Cigarettes on Perceptions and Behavior
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Appeal and Sensory Characteristics of Oral Nicotine Products in Young Adults Who Vape E-Cigarettes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- Effects of flavour and modified risk claims on nicotine pouch perceptions and use intentions among young adults who use inhalable nicotine and tobacco products: a randomised controlled trial.Tobacco control · 2025Trial
- Effects of 'Ice' flavoured e-cigarettes with synthetic cooling agent WS-23 or menthol on user-reported appeal and sensory attributes.Tobacco control · 2025Trial
- Effects of a fruit-ice combination flavor on appeal and sensory experience of vaping and moderation by preexisting e-cigarette flavor preference.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- E-Cigarette Nicotine Delivery Among Young Adults by Nicotine Form, Concentration, and Flavor: A Crossover Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Oxidative Stress as a Potential Mechanistic Bridge Between Electronic Cigarette Components and Chronic Disease: A Combined Narrative and Bibliometric Analysis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Acute effects of electronic nicotine delivery system liquid nicotine form and sweet enhancer among people who use inhaled tobacco products.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Influence of e-Liquid pH on Heavy Metal Emissions in Open-System Electronic Cigarette Aerosols and Associated Health Risks.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Water addition to e-liquids to reduce flavour aldehyde acetal formation: chemistry and user sensory experience and appeal.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Effects of nicotine concentration and pH on nicotine pouch appeal and sensory experience: A randomized experimental study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Examining eating disorder symptoms and sex as moderators of the association between the sensory attributes and appeal of e-cigarettes.Journal of psychiatric research · 2026Article
- Coolants, organic acids, flavourings and other additives that facilitate inhalation of tobacco and nicotine products: implications for regulation.Tobacco control · 2026Review
- Effect of packaging with versus without candy-oriented marketing themes on the appeal and sensory attributes of flavoured e-cigarettes.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Race and ethnicity differences in the association between the sensory experience and appeal of e-cigarette products: A pooled analysis of four within-subject experiments.Addictive behaviors · 2025Article
- In vitro toxicological assessment using NCI-H292 cells of the relationship between cytotoxic effects and chemical composition in flavored e-liquids.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Quantification of Free Radicals from Vaping Electronic Cigarettes Containing Nicotine Salt Solutions with Different Organic Acid Types and Concentrations.Chemical research in toxicology · 2024Article
- Nicotine Formulation Influences the Autonomic and Arrhythmogenic Effects of Electronic Cigarettes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Pharmacokinetic differences in nicotine and nicotine salts mediate reinforcement-related behavior: an animal model study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesVarious organic acids are used to create nicotine salt formulations, which may improve the appeal and sensory experience of vaping electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). This clinical experiment examined the effects of partially and highly protonated forms of two nicotine salt formulations (nicotine lactate and benzoate) versus free-base (no acid additive) on the appeal and sensory attributes of e-cigarettes.
methodsCurrent adult tobacco product users (n=116) participated in an online remote double-blind within-subject randomised experiment involving standardised self-administration of e-cigarette solutions varying in nicotine formulation (free-base, 50% nicotine lactate -1:2 lactic acid to nicotine molar ratio, 100% nicotine lactate - 1:1 ratio, 50% nicotine benzoate and 100% nicotine benzoate). Each formulation had equivalent nicotine concentrations (27.0-33.0 mg/mL) and was administered in four flavours in a pod-style device. After each administration, participants rated appeal (liking, disliking and willingness to use again) and sensory attributes (0-100 scale).
resultsCompared with free-base nicotine, 50% and 100% nicotine lactate and benzoate yielded higher appeal, smoothness and sweetness and lower harshness and bitterness. Dose-response analyses found 100% vs 50% nicotine salt improved appeal, smoothness, bitterness and harshness for nicotine lactate and sweetness, smoothness and harshness for nicotine benzoate. Solutions with higher pH were associated with worse appeal and sensory attributes across nicotine formulations. Nicotine formulation effects did not differ by tobacco use status and flavours.
conclusionRestricting benzoic acid or lactic acid additives or setting minimal pHs in e-cigarettes merits consideration in regulations designed to reduce vaping among populations deterred from using e-cigarettes with aversive sensory properties. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This study was registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03742817 under the title 'Effects of e-Cigarettes on Perceptions and Behavior'.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.