ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
The relationship between chronic immune response and neurodegenerative damage in long COVID-19.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blood-Brain Barrier Changes and Related Microvascular Outcomes in Long-COVID: A Comprehensive Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Brain-targeted autoimmunity is strongly associated with Long COVID and its chronic fatigue syndrome as well as its affective symptoms.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Effect of immunoadsorption on clinical presentation and immune alterations in COVID-19-induced and/or aggravated ME/CFS.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Observational
- SARS-CoV-2 infection of human cortical cells is influenced by the interaction between aneuploidy and biological sex: insights from a Down syndrome in vitro model.Acta neuropathologica · 2025Article
- Novel biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in Long COVID patients.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Vitamin B12 as an epidrug for regulating peripheral blood biomarkers in long COVID-associated visuoconstructive deficit.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Virus-Induced Pathogenic Antibodies: Lessons from Long COVID and Dengue Hemorrhage Fever.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Human herpesvirus reactivation and its potential role in the pathogenesis of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.GeroScience · 2025Review
- Cerebromicrovascular mechanisms contributing to long COVID: implications for neurocognitive health.GeroScience · 2025Review
- Unraveled role of TLR7-mediated interferon signaling activation in COVID-19.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Investigating post-infection anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in a SARS-CoV-2 mouse model.Theranostics · 2025Article
- The Expanding Burden of Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Unmet Medical and Social Need.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Sex-specific biphasic alpha-synuclein response and alterations of interneurons in a COVID-19 hamster model.EBioMedicine · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2-associated T-cell infiltration in the central nervous system.Clinical & translational immunology · 2024Article
- Management of cognitive impairment associated with post-COVID-19 syndrome: recommendations for primary care.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Article
- Thrombosis of the vasa vasorum of the large and medium size pulmonary artery and vein leads to pulmonary thromboembolism in COVID-19.Autopsy & case reports · 2024Article
- Psychiatric Symptoms in Acute and Persisting Forms of COVID-19 Associated with Neural Autoantibodies.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Olfactory Dysfunction following COVID-19 and the Potential Benefits of Olfactory Training.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection, EBV, HHV-6 and Other Factors May Contribute to Inflammation and Autoimmunity in Long COVID.Viruses · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the past two years, the world has faced the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which by August of 2022 has infected around 619 million people and caused the death of 6.55 million individuals globally. Although SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the respiratory tract level, there are several reports, indicating that other organs such as the heart, kidney, pancreas, and brain can also be damaged. A characteristic observed in blood serum samples of patients suffering COVID-19 disease in moderate and severe stages, is a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-α (IFN-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), as well as the presence of autoantibodies against interferon-α (IFN-α), interferon-λ (IFN-λ), C-C motif chemokine ligand 26 (CCL26), CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), family with sequence similarity 19 (chemokine (C-C motif)-like) member A4 (FAM19A4), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CCL1). Interestingly, it has been described that the chronic cytokinemia is related to alterations of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and induction of neurotoxicity. Furthermore, the generation of autoantibodies affects processes such as neurogenesis, neuronal repair, chemotaxis and the optimal microglia function. These observations support the notion that COVID-19 patients who survived the disease present neurological sequelae and neuropsychiatric disorders. The goal of this review is to explore the relationship between inflammatory and humoral immune markers and the major neurological damage manifested in post-COVID-19 patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.