ArticleFrontiers in psychology2022
More income, less depression? Revisiting the nonlinear and heterogeneous relationship between income and mental health.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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19 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Individual and Interactive Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Household Income on Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Symptoms.Research in nursing & health · 2026Article
- Dyslipidemia as a key nexus linking depression and aging acceleration: unraveling the mediating role of lipid accumulation product (LAP).European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Life Stressors in Young Americans are Linked via Asymmetric U-Shapes to Mental Health Severity.Research square · 2026Article
- A Bayesian approach for exploring the effects of household income on self-reported mental health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- Depression, anxiety and job dissatisfaction: consequences of economic hardship in a lower middle-income country.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Exploring the Association Between Urinary Incontinence and Depression Based on a Series of Large-Scale National Health Studies in Türkiye.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Estimating the prevalence, socioeconomic determinants, and health seeking behavior of individuals with depression in Ghana.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Explainable Machine Learning in the Prediction of Depression.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Deciphering the mechanism of women's mental health: a perspective of urban-rural differences.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress among nursing home caregivers in China: a multi-center cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Learning well, living well: the causal effects of higher education on self-rated health and mental health in China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- The relationship between self-reported antipsychotics side effects and depression in Saudi Arabia.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Article
- Mental Health Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Aging Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Populations.The Permanente journal · 2024Article
- The relationship between educational attainment, lifestyle, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms among Chinese adults: a longitudinal survey from 2012 to 2020.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Mental health in China: exploring the impacts of built environment, work environment, and subjective perception.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Effects of stress and self-efficacy on quality of life of mothers with autistic children: Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) approach.Belitung nursing journal · 2024Article
- Bridging the gap: how education transforms health outcomes and influences health inequality in rural China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Digital village construction and the mental health of rural older adults: Evidence from China.Digital healthArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This paper uses a large-scale nationally representative dataset to examine the nonlinear effect of income on mental health. To investigate their causal relationship, the exogenous impact of automation on income is utilized as the instrument variable (IV). In addition, to explore their nonlinear relationship, both income and its quadratic term are included in regressions. It is found that the impact of income on mental health is U-shaped rather than linear. The turning point (7.698) of this nonlinear relation is near the midpoint of the income interval ([0, 16.113]). This suggests that depression declines as income increases at the lower-income level. However, beyond middle income, further increases in income take pronounced mental health costs, leading to a positive relationship between the two factors. We further exclude the possibility of more complex nonlinear relationships by testing higher order terms of income. In addition, robustness checks, using other instrument variables and mental health indicators, different IV models and placebo analysis, all support above conclusions. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that males, older workers, ethnic minorities and those with lower health and socioeconomic status experience higher levels of depression. Highly educated and urban residents suffer from greater mental disorders after the turning point. Religious believers and Communist Party of China members are mentally healthier at lower income levels, meaning that religious and political beliefs moderate the relationship between income and mental health.
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