ArticleHeliyon2023
Association between the expression of toll-like receptors, cytokines, and homeostatic chemokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity.
Article in Heliyon, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- In Silico Modeling of Structural Compatibility and Alignment Between Viral Class I Fusion Cores and Human TLR4/MD-2.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- COVID-19, the disease that changed the world.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2026Review
- Potential relationships between circulating gene expression ofJournal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Article
- Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing as driver of critical illness: mechanisms and advances in therapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Profile of Humoral Immunity and B Cell Pool in Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Prototype Strain and AZD1222 (ChAdOx nCoV-19) Vaccination.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Role of toll-like receptors in post-COVID-19 associated neurodegenerative disorders?Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Design of a peptide-based vaccine against human respiratory syncytial virus using a reverse vaccinology approach: evaluation of immunogenicity, antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The Possible Mechanistic Basis of Individual Susceptibility to Spike Protein Injury.Advances in virology · 2025Review
- Chemokines as potential biomarkers for predicting the course of COVID-19 - a review of the literature.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The innate immune response in SARS-CoV2 infection: focus on toll-like receptor 4 in severe disease outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Diagnosis and management of COVID toes in outpatients: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Dynamics of the immune microenvironment and immune cell PANoptosis in colorectal cancer: recent advances and insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Predictive biomarkers of mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 hospitalized in intensive care unit.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Screening and affinity optimization of single domain antibody targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.PeerJ · 2024Article
- Identifying key biomarkers and therapeutic candidates for post-COVID-19 depression through integrated omics and bioinformatics approaches.Translational neuroscience · 2024Article
- The role of cross-reactive immunity to emerging coronaviruses: Implications for novel universal mucosal vaccine design.Saudi medical journal · 2023Review
- Proteolytic inactivation of CXCL12 in the lungs and circulation of COVID-19 patients.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2023Article
- Sarcoidosis-related autoimmune inflammation in COVID-19 convalescent patients.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The recent identification of the involvement of the immune system response in the severity and mortality of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection highlights the importance of cytokines and chemokines as important factors in the clinical outcomes of COVID-19. However, the impact and roles of the BAFF/APRIL cytokine system, homeostatic chemokines (CXCL12, CXCL13, CCL19, and CCL21), as well as Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3/4 in COVID-19, have not been investigated. We sought to assess the expression levels and roles of TLR3/4, BAFF, APRIL, IFN-β, homeostatic chemokines (CXCL12, CXCL13, CCL19, and CCL21), SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies in patients with critical (ICU) and non-ICU (mild) COVID-19 and their association with mortality and disease severity. Significant high levels of TLR-4 mRNA, IFN-β, APRIL, CXCL13, and IgM and IgG antibodies were observed in ICU patients with severe COVID-19 compared to non-ICU COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. On the other hand, BAFF and CCL21 expression were significantly upregulated in non-ICU patients with COVID-19 compared with that in critical COVID-19 patients. The two groups did not differ in TLR-3, CXCL12, and CCL19 levels. Our findings show high expression levels of some inflammatory chemokines in ICU patients with COVID-19. These findings highlight the potential utility of chemokine antagonists as an immune-based treatment for the severe form of COVID-19. We also believe that selective targeting of TLR/spike protein interactions might lead to the development of a new COVID-19 therapy.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.