ArticleCureus2022
Effects of Face-Mask Use on Dry Eye Disease Evaluated Using Self-Reported Ocular Surface Disease Index Scores: A Cross-Sectional Study on Nurses in Saudi Arabia.
Article in Cureus, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mask-associated dry eye disease following short-term facemask wear with or without nasal bridge taping among health workers at a Nigerian tertiary care facility: a cross-over randomized clinical trial.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Potential Impacts of Prolonged Face Mask Use on Temporomandibular Joint Health as Neglected Lifestyle Repercussions of COVID-19 Pandemic-A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Real or MADE-up: Investigating Mask-Associated Dry Eye (MADE) as an emerging syndrome.Eye (London, England) · 2024Review
- Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire in different languages.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2024Review
- Prolonged Face Mask Wearing Worsens Self-Reported Dry Eye Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Dental Healthcare Practitioners.Acta stomatologica Croatica · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWearing face masks has been an essential part of healthcare workers' lives since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aims to determine the association between prolonged face mask-wearing and dry eye disorder (DED) among female nurses.
methodsAn online questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between May 2021 and February 2022. It covered sociodemographic data, conditions associated with ocular irritation, and questions related to mask-wearing duration. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) survey was used to measure DED severity. Binary logistic regression analysis was done and Odd's ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported.
resultsA total of 266 female nurses responded to this study. The majority of the sample (71.1%) fell in the normal-mild DED category (OSDI 0-22), while (28.9%) were categorized as the moderate-severe DED category (OSDI >22). We found a significant independent association of dry eye disorder with wearing a mask for >6 hours/day (OR 2.066, 95% CI: 1.083-3.944). Other significant predictors of DED in this study were wearing corrective eyeglasses (OR 2.382, 95% CI: 1.296-4.376) and having rheumatoid arthritis (OR 17.289, 95% CI: 1.794-166.7).
conclusionWearing a face mask for > 6 hours/day was significantly associated with moderate to severe DED among female nursing staff. Ophthalmologists should be aware of this adverse effect in order to promote ways to relieve this condition.
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Registered trials
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