ArticleSSM - population health2023
Intra-cluster correlations in socio-demographic variables and their implications: An analysis based on large-scale surveys in India.
Article in SSM - population health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Distribution, socioeconomic inequalities and contributing factors of anaemia prevalence across wealth index among Indian adolescent girls: multivariate decomposition analysis of nationally representative survey.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Article
- Severity of Betel Quid Use Disorders (BUD) Among Adult Indian Betel Quid Chewers.Oral diseases · 2026Article
- Climate resilience through bioeconomy: A mixed-methods protocol for assessing adaptation policies in rural settlements on the Amazon.PloS one · 2026Article
- Health literacy in five districts in Sri Lanka: a baseline assessment of health literacy levels among 18-49-year-olds and associated factors.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Review
- Fieldworker effects on quality of data collected on sensitive questions in National Family Health Surveys: An analysis based on intimate partner violence in India.SSM - population health · 2024Article
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6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
Individuals who share similar socio-economic and cultural characteristics also share similar health outcomes. Consequently, they have a propensity to cluster together, which results in positive intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) in their socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. In this study, using data from four rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), we estimated the ICC for selected socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics in rural and urban areas of six states namely Assam, Gujarat, Kerala, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics included religion & caste of the household head, use of contraception & prevalence of anaemia among currently married women and coverage of full immunization services among children aged 12-23 months. ICC was computed at the level ofPrimary Sampling Units (PSUs), that is, villages in rural areas and census enumeration blocks in urban areas. Our research highlights high clustering in terms of religion and caste within PSUs in India. In NFHS-4, the ICCs for religion ranged from the lowest of 0.19 in rural areas of Kerala to the highest of 0.67 in urban areas of West Bengal. For the caste of the household head, the ICCs ranged from the lowest of 0.12 in the urban areas of Punjab to the highest of 0.46 in the rural areas of Assam. In most of the states selected for the study, the values of ICC were higher for the use of family planning methods than for full immunization. The value of ICC for use of contraception was highest for rural areas of Assam (0.15) followed by rural areas of Gujarat (0.13). A higher value of ICC has considerable implications for determining an effective sample size for large-scale surveys. Our findings agree with the fact that for a given cluster size, the higher the value of ICC, the higher is the loss in precision of the estimate. Knowing and taking into account ICCs can be extremely helpful in determining an effective sample size when designing a large-scale demographic and health survey to arrive at estimates of parameters with the desired precision.
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