ReviewInternational journal of pharmaceutics2023
Emerging adjuvants for intradermal vaccination.
Review in International journal of pharmaceutics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of a nano-emulsion and evaluation of its intradermal adjuvant function of Swine Influenza H3N2 Vaccine.Virology journal · 2026Article
- The role of T cells in influenza infection and vaccination.Virologica Sinica · 2026Review
- An engineered intradermal microneedle-array device enhances the cellular immune responses in a guinea pig model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Proteomic Analysis of Influenza.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Review
- Microneedle delivery systems for vaccines and immunotherapy.Smart molecules : open access · 2025Review
- Intradermal Injection of a Protein Alone Without Additional Adjuvants Using a Needle-Free Pyro-Drive Jet Injector Induces Potent CD8International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Advances in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Their Obstacles, and Prospects Toward Tumor Immunotherapy.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Review
- Nanovaccines in gastrointestinal cancers.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The recent advances in vaccine adjuvants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Vaccine approaches to treat urothelial cancer.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Developing Next-Generation Live Attenuated Vaccines for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Using Reverse Genetic Techniques.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Differential Regulation of DC Function, Adaptive Immunity, and MyD88 Dependence by Two Squalene Emulsion-Based Vaccine AdjuvantsVaccines · 2024Article
- Fourth dose of microneedle array patch of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein subunit vaccine elicits robust long-lasting humoral responses in mice.International immunopharmacology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of alternative vaccination routes against paratuberculosis in goats.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Therapeutic cancer vaccines: advancements, challenges, and prospects.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Safety of Monkeypox Vaccine Using Active Surveillance, Two-Center Observational Study in Italy.Vaccines · 2023Article
- A Promising Needle-Free Pyro-Drive Jet Injector for Augmentation of Immunity by Intradermal Injection as a Physical Adjuvant.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The majority of vaccines have been delivered into the muscular tissue. Skin contains large amounts of antigen-presenting cells and has been recognized as a more immunogenic site for vaccine delivery. Intradermal delivery has been approved to improve influenza vaccine efficacy and spare influenza vaccine doses. In response to the recent monkeypox outbreak, intradermal delivery has been also approved to stretch the limited monkeypox vaccine doses to immunize more people at risk. Incorporation of vaccine adjuvants is promising to further increase intradermal vaccine efficacy and spare more vaccine doses. Yet, intradermal vaccination is associated with more significant local reactions than intramuscular vaccination. Thus, adjuvants suitable to boost intradermal vaccination need to have a good local safety without inducing overt local reactions. This review introduces currently approved adjuvants in licensed human vaccines and their relative reactogenicity for intradermal delivery and then introduces emerging chemical and physical adjuvants with a good local safety to boost intradermal vaccination. The rational to develop physical adjuvants, the types of physical adjuvants, and the unique advantages of physical adjuvants to boost intradermal vaccination are also introduced in this review.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.