Trial reportJournal of affective disorders2023
Comparing depression screening tools (CESD-10, EPDS, PHQ-9, and PHQ-2) for diagnostic performance and epidemiologic associations among postpartum Kenyan women: Implications for research and practice.
Trial report in Journal of affective disorders, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of interactive text communication on neonatal mortality in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Sleep quality partially mediates the association between remnant cholesterol inflammatory index and depressive symptoms: multi-cohort analysis from cross-sectional and longitudinal cohorts.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Long-Acting HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Through Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period Among Women in Kenya: A Latent Transition Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Psychometric Validity of the CES-D Scale for Assessing Depressive Symptoms in University Students in Bogotá. Colombia.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2026Article
- Healthcare utilization and expenditures among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid psychological distress.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Associations of academic stress with anxiety and depressive symptoms: the mediating role of emotional eating.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Do We Actually Need a New Scale? Improving Postpartum Depression Screening in Malaysia: A Narrative Literature Review.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2025Review
- Maternal Mental Health and Child Dietary Diversity in Rural Kenya: Findings From a Pooled Analysis of 2 Baseline Studies.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- The nexus of the risk of depression and residential mobility for urban poor mothers: New longitudinal evidence from Nairobi.SSM. Mental health · 2025Article
- Long-acting pre-exposure prophylaxis preferences among pregnant and postpartum women in Kenya: results from a discrete choice experiment.AJOG global reports · 2025Article
- Predictive Validity of Screening Tools and Role of Self-Esteem and Coping in Postpartum Depression Risk.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- CHARLS insights into the impact of dual interactions of chronic diseases on depression in middle-aged and elderly individuals.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Validation of the Global Scales of Early Development (GSED) tool in rural Western Kenya.BMC public health · 2025Article
- An analysis of the mediating influence of depression on the association between early-life caregiver relationships and cognitive function: a cohort study based on the CHARLS database.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- The impact of perceived caregiver anxiety and stress during childhood on late-life depression: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Reliability and convergent validity of the PHQ-2 for the rapid detection of depressive symptoms in healthcare professionals in Argentina.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Screening for Perinatal Depression: Barriers, Guidelines, and Measurement Scales.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Father involvement is a protective factor for maternal mental health in Western Kenya.SSM. Mental health · 2024Article
- Correlation between the physical activity volume and cognitive and mental capacity among older adult people in China: a cross-sectional study based on the 2020 CHARLS database.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIdentifying optimal depression screening tools for use in maternal health clinics could improve maternal and infant health. We compared four tools for diagnostic performance and epidemiologic associations.
methodsThis study was nested in a cluster-randomized trial in Kenya. Women in 20 maternal health clinics were evaluated at 6 weeks postpartum with Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and -2 (PHQ-9, PHQ-2) for moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (MSD) [CESD-10 ≥ 10, EPDS≥13, PHQ-9 ≥ 10, or PHQ-2 ≥ 3]. We assessed area under the curve (AUC) per scale (CESD-10, EPDS) against probable major depressive disorder (MDD) using the PHQ-9 scoring algorithm. Associations between MSD and intimate partner violence (IPV) were compared between scales.
resultsAmong 3605 women, median age was 24 and 10 % experienced IPV. Prevalence of MSD symptoms varied by tool: 13 % CESD-10, 9 % EPDS, 5 % PHQ-2, 3 % PHQ-9. Compared to probable MDD, the CESD-10 (AUC:0.82) had higher AUC than the EPDS (AUC:0.75). IPV was associated with MSD using all scales: EPDS (RR:2.5, 95%CI:1.7-3.7), PHQ-2 (RR:2.3, 95%CI:1.6-3.4), CESD-10 (RR:1.9, 95%CI:1.2-2.9), PHQ-9 (RR:1.8, 95%CI:0.8-3.8). LIMITATIONS: Our study did not include clinical diagnosis of MDD by a specialized clinician, instead we used provisional diagnosis of probable MDD classified by the PHQ-9 algorithm as a reference standard in diagnostic performance evaluations.
conclusionDepression screening tools varied in detection of postpartum MSD. The PHQ-2 would prompt fewer referrals and showed strong epidemiologic association with a cofactor.
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