ArticleBMC oral health2022
Comparison of periodontal status and salivary IL-15 and -18 levels in cigarette-smokers and individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems.
Article in BMC oral health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systemic and Salivary Cytokine Levels among Adult E-Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Periodontal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International dental journal · 2025Pooled it
- The effects of electronic smoking on dental caries and proinflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oral health · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of electronic cigarette use on periodontitis and periodontal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2024Pooled it
- Periodontal and Peri-Implant Status Among Users of Different Inhaled Tobacco and Nicotine Products: A Systematic Review.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- A Narrative Review on the Impact of ENDS Use on Clinical, Inflammatory and Microbiological Periodontal-Related Parameters.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Electronic cigarette use and periodontal tissue damage: a scoping review and an evidence-informed conceptual framework.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Review
- Trying to clear the air: e-cigarette use and periodontal disease.British dental journal · 2025Review
- The impact of electronic cigarette smoking on periodontal status and proinflammatory cytokine levels: a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Correlation between periodontal status, whole salivary interleukin-1beta levels and oral yeasts carriage among individuals with varying ranges of body mass index.Acta odontologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Oral health risks in adults who use electronic nicotine delivery systems and oral nicotine pouches: a critical review of the literature and qualitative synthesis of the available evidence.Harm reduction journal · 2024Review
- The Impact of E-Cigarettes on Oral Health-A Narrative Review.Dentistry journal · 2024Review
- The Effect of New Trend Electronic Cigarettes on Dental Caries in Relation to Glucosyltransferase B and Secretory Immunoglobulin A (A Case-control Study).Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2024Article
- Effect of conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes on salivary biomarkers: A systematic review.Journal of advanced periodontology & implant dentistry · 2024Article
- Effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal health: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- [Association of cigarette consumption, nicotine derivatives and cannabis with periodontal disease. A review].Revista cientifica odontologica (Universidad Cientifica del Sur)Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIt is hypothesized that periodontal status is compromised and whole salivary (WS) interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-18 levels are higher among cigarette-smokers and electronic-nicotine-delivery-systems (ENDS)-users than never-smokers. The aim of the present case-control study was to compare the periodontal status and WS IL-15 and -18 levels among cigarette-smokers, ENDS-users and controls (never-smokers).
methodsParticipants were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group-1:Current cigarette-smokers; Group-2:ENDS-users; Group-3:Never-smokers with periodontitis; and Group-4: Never-smokers without periodontitis. Demographic data was collected and plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing-depth (PD), clinical attachment-loss (AL), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured. Number of missing teeth were recorded and WS IL-15 and IL-18 levels were determined. Group-comparisons were done and P < 0.01 was selected as an indicator of statistical analysis.
resultsNineteen, 18, 19 and 19 individuals were enrolled in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Scores of PI, clinical AL, PD, and number of missing-teeth were elevated in groups 1(P < 0.001), 2 (P < 0.001) and 3 (P < 0.001) than -4. Scores of PI, clinical AL, PD, MBL and missing teeth were comparable among patients in groups 1, 2 and 3. Levels of IL-15 and IL-18 were elevated in groups 1 (P < 0.001) and 2 (P < 0.001) than groups 3 and 4. The levels of IL-15 and -18 were higher in Group-3 than in Group-4 (P < 0.001).
conclusionClinically, cigarette-smokers and never-smokers demonstrate similar periodontal statuses; however, WS immunoinflammatory biomarkers (IL-15 and -18) are elevated in these individuals than non-smokers.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.