ArticlePediatric research2023
Etiological subgroups of term small-for-gestational-age and childhood health outcomes.
Article in Pediatric research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Therapy in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children With Short Stature: A Stratified Analysis Based on Genetic Variant Status.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Article
- Inadequate linear catch-up growth in children born small for gestational age: Influencing factors and underlying mechanisms.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2024Review
- Deficient or Normal Growth Hormone Secretion in Polish Children with Short Stature: Searching for Clinical Differences.Biomedicines · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSmall-for-gestational-age (SGA) has a heterogeneous etiology. Our study aimed to examine the childhood health outcomes of etiology-distinct term SGA subgroups.
methodsData from the Collaborative Perinatal Project were used. The etiological factors of SGA were categorized into five groups: maternal, fetal, placental, environmental and physiological factors. Primary child outcomes included low IQ and growth restriction. A total of 8417 term infants were eligible.
resultsCompared with AGA, SGA children due to fetal factors had the highest risk of low IQ (aOR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.45-2.59). SGA infants due to physiological factors had the highest risk of growth restriction (aOR = 6.04, 95% CI: 3.93-9.27). SGA children had a higher risk of growth restriction with the aOR ranging from 3.05 (95% CI: 2.36-3.96) to 5.77 (95% CI: 4.29-7.75) for the number of risk factors that the SGA infants had from 1 to 5. SGA children with any risk factor were associated with a higher risk of lower IQ with the aOR ranging from 1.59 (95% CI: 1.31-1.94) to 1.96 (95% CI: 1.50-2.55). SGA without the five types of etiologies was not associated with adverse child outcomes except for growth restriction (aOR = 3.82, 95% CI: 2.62-5.55).
conclusionTerm SGA of different etiologies may lead to different child health outcomes. IMPACT: Our study found that SGA of different etiologies may lead to different child health outcomes. Compared with AGA, SGA children due to fetal factors had the highest risk of low IQ. SGA infants due to physiological factors had the highest risk of growth restriction. SGA babies should not be treated the same. In the era of precision medicine, our findings may help pediatricians and parents better manage SGA babies according to different etiologies and the number of risk factors.
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