SynthesisProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2023
Sex and age differences in "theory of mind" across 57 countries using the English version of the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test.
Synthesis in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spontaneous mentalizing in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- When Being Social Is Costly: Empathy's Role for Risk States, Acute Symptoms, and Cumulative Disease Severity of Depression.Journal of clinical psychology · 2026Article
- Intact but Protracted Facial and Prosodic Emotion Recognition Among Autistic Adults.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Adult Autism Screening: A Comparison of Current Self-Report and Retrospective Parent-Report Measures.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- The power of many small sex differences in cognition, personality, and interests.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Robust but independent sex differences in human brain function, structure, and behavior.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test Scores Demonstrate Poor Structural Properties in Nine Large Non-Clinical Samples.Assessment · 2026Article
- Human brain network for reading the mind from the eyes: beyond activated and deactivated regions.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2026Article
- Assessing empathy in adults: A Malay language validation and measurement invariance of the Empathy Quotient (M-EQ).PloS one · 2026Article
- The aporetic dialogues of Modena on gender differences: Is it all about testosterone? Episode II: Empathy.Andrology · 2026Review
- Dynamic brain lateralization patterns in Chinese naturalistic language comprehension and association with sex differences: a 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Psychoradiology · 2026Article
- On the Construct Validity of Performance-Based Emotion Recognition Tests: Correlations with Social-Emotional Functioning and Cognitive Skills.Psychologica Belgica · 2026Article
- The impact of sex on clinical profiles of patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Intimate partner psychological violence and children's sleep difficulties up to 5 years of age: an ELFE birth cohort.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Camouflaging and Lifetime Depression Among Adult Autistic Males and Females.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Cross-Sectional Trajectories of Social Cognition in Later Life: Exploring Emotion Perception, Theory of Mind, and Emotional Empathy.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2025Article
- Exploring gender influence on adolescent awareness and perspectives regarding social, economic and environmental sustainability.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Neuroactive steroid exposure impacts neurodevelopment: Comparison of human and rodent placental contribution.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2025Review
- Gender and Accuracy in Decoding Affect Cues: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Review
- The gender-sex incongruence is partly a mind-body incongruence.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test (Eyes Test) is a widely used assessment of "theory of mind." The NIMH Research Domain Criteria recommends it as one of two tests for "understanding mental states." Previous studies have demonstrated an on-average female advantage on the Eyes Test. However, it is unknown whether this female advantage exists across the lifespan and across a large number of countries. Thus, we tested sex and age differences using the English version of the Eyes Test in adolescents and adults across 57 countries. We also tested for associations with sociodemographic and cognitive/personality factors. We leveraged one discovery dataset (
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.