ArticlePloS one2022
Measurement invariance of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire across socioeconomic status and ethnicity from ages 3 to 17 years: A population cohort study.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Within-Person Examination of the Family Stress Model: Family Income, Parental Distress, and Child Mental Health.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Early environmental risks and the developmental dynamics of internalizing and externalizing problems from birth to adolescence.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Effects of dog ownership on children's social-emotional development: findings from the PLAYCE cohort study.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Inequity in treatment access for child mental health services in England: analysis of administrative national data for 2021-2022.BJPsych bulletin · 2026Article
- Ethnic and income-related inequalities in mental health among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Bradford, UK.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Maternal social support and child developmental outcomes: an analysis of the Born in Bradford cohort.Archives of disease in childhood · 2025Article
- Early childhood measurement invariance of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire across age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status.Psychological assessment · 2025Article
- Harmonization of SDQ and ASEBA Phenotypes: Measurement Variance Across Cohorts.Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment · 2025Article
- Estimating the impact of transmitted and non-transmitted psychiatric and neurodevelopmental polygenic scores on youth emotional problems.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Screening Children in India: Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire.Pediatric reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Mental health inequalities along ethnic and socioeconomic groupings are well documented. The extent to which these observed inequalities are genuine or reflect measurement differences is unclear. In the current study we sought to investigate this in a large population-based sample of children and adolescents in the United Kingdom. The main objective of the study was to establish whether the parent-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was invariant across ethnicity and socioeconomic status groupings at six time points from 3 to 17 years (maximum N = 17,274). First, we fitted a series of confirmatory factor analysis models to the data and confirmed that the five-factor structure (emotional problems; peer problems; conduct problems; hyperactivity/inattention; and prosocial behaviour) had acceptable fit at ages 5, 7, 11, and 14 years. Next, we tested configural, metric, and scalar invariance at these time points and demonstrated scalar invariance across household income, parent highest education, and ethnicity categories. The five-factor structure did not fit well at ages 3 and 17 years; therefore invariance was not tested at these ages. These findings suggest the parent-report SDQ can be used to measure socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in mental health from ages 5-14 years but more consideration is required outside these ages.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.