ReviewRevista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia2022
Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview.
Review in Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Human Rights-Based and Relational Justice Approach to Assisted Reproduction in Spain.Bioethics · 2026Article
- Surrogacy from a reproductive rights and justice perspective: a narrative review.Reproduction & fertility · 2026Review
- Ghost mothers: Ethical challenges in Iran as an emerging destination for cross-border surrogacy: A case report.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2026Article
- Wombs for rent: Exploring the motivations behind Ghanaian Women's decisions to become surrogate mothers.PloS one · 2026Article
- Attitudes and Perceptions of Surrogacy in Greece.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Article
- FIGO position statement on surrogacy: Ethical considerations.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2025Article
- The newly enacted Italian surrogacy law: Effects on reproductive tourism.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Article
- Challenges and Prospects for Surrogacy in Iran as a Pioneer Islamic Country in this Field.Archives of Iranian medicine · 2025Article
- Ethical considerations on surrogacy†.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Oocyte Donation.Iranian journal of public health · 2025Article
- 20 Years Since the Enactment of Italian Law No. 40/2004 on Medically Assisted Procreation: How It Has Changed and How It Could Change.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- A Psychological Analysis of Iranian Infertile Couples' Attitudes Toward Gestational Surrogacy: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- The costs per live birth after uterus transplantation: results of the Swedish live donor trial.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Womb to rent: the ethical and legal implications of surrogacy in Ireland.Irish journal of medical science · 2024Review
- Making a dead woman pregnant? A critique of the thought experiment of Anna Smajdor.Theoretical medicine and bioethics · 2023Article
- University students' opinion on gamete donor identification regimes.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2023Observational
- Lesbian shared IVF: the ROPA method: a systematic review.Porto biomedical journalReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveSurrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide.
methodsThis is a review of the literature published in the 21
resultsA total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers.
conclusionCommercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.