ArticleCell2023
SARS-CoV-2 replication in airway epithelia requires motile cilia and microvillar reprogramming.
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Article in Cell, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 135 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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135citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
29.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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Who cites it
135 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 201 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of the intranasal spray SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dNS1-RBD: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Trial
- Mucins and Respiratory Virus Infection.Annual review of virology · 2026Review
- Single-cell transcriptomics identifies a p21-activated kinase important for survival of the zoonotic parasiteiScience · 2026Article
- Human airway organoids for bacterial-host interaction studies: methods, insights and translational promise.Thorax · 2026Review
- Development and characterization of mouse-adapted recombinant SARS-CoV-2 expressing reporter genes.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- The Role of Microfilaments in Cilia Formation and Function.Cytoskeleton (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Temperature-dependent replication and sensitivity to innate immunity of human coronavirus HKU1.Nature communications · 2026Article
- An immune-poised state of human bronchial epithelial cells mediates defense against RSV in adults.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Review
- Primary cilia dysfunction: A critical driver of metabolic diseases (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Advances and applications of brain organoids in central nervous system disorders: Bridging the gap from laboratory to clinic.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Coordinated immune-epithelial dynamics in the nasal epithelium protect against respiratory virus infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Organoids: From Bench to Bedside Applications.MedComm · 2026Review
- MELK inhibition disrupts actin cytoskeleton and broadly restricts human coronavirus infections.Nature communications · 2026Article
- UFL1-mediated UFMylation antagonizes IFT88 ubiquitination and degradation to maintain ciliary homeostasis.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Article
- Human telomerase reverse transcriptase supports respiratory syncytial virus replication.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Human iPSC-derived airway models enable comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthy and COPD bronchial epithelium.iScience · 2026Article
- The Application of Single-cell RNA Sequencing Technology in the Research of Sino-Nasal Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Targeting the host factor HGS-viral membrane protein interaction in coronavirus infection.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
75 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Chien-Ting WuBaxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA.
Peter V LidskyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Yinghong XiaoDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ran ChengBaxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Ivan T LeeDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Tsuguhisa NakayamaDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Sizun JiangDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Wei HeBaxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA.
Janos DemeterBaxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA.
Miguel G KnightDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Rachel E TurnBaxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA.
Laura S Rojas-HernandezDepartment of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Chengjin YeDisease Intervention and Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
Kevin ChiemDisease Intervention and Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
Judy ShonDepartment of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Luis Martinez-SobridoDisease Intervention and Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
Carolyn R BertozziDepartment of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Garry P NolanDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Jayakar V NayakDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Carlos MillaDepartment of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Raul AndinoDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: raul.andino@ucsf.edu.
Peter K JacksonBaxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: pjackson@stanford.edu.
Stanford University · USBaxter (United States) · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USTexas Biomedical Research Institute · USJikei University School of Medicine · JP
Funding
Supplement to Enhance Wellness and Resiliency in the Graduate EnvironmentT32GM007276 · NIGMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI MORRISON, ASHBY J. · 1985 to 2023
$32.9MStanford Islet Research CoreP30DK116074 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Seung K Kim · 2017 to 2026
$19.5MSpatial-Genomic Integrative Multi-Species Analysis of Lymph Node MetastasisU54CA209971 · NCI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI NOLAN, GARRY P, PLEVRITIS, SYLVIA KATINA · 2016 to 2021
$11.0MUnbiased Functional Characterization of Enterovirus-Host InteractionsP01AI091575 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI KROGAN, NEVAN J · 2011 to 2015
$10.5MMapping the CPLANE interactome, an extensive protein interaction network underlying human ciliopathiesR01HD085901 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI EDWARD M MARCOTTE, John B Wallingford · 2016 to 2026
$6.2MMechanisms of Ciliary Signaling Controlling Obesity and Metabolic DiseaseR01GM121565 · NIGMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI JACKSON, PETER KENT · 2017 to 2025
$4.3MDefining Mechanisms of Viral Persistence in Situ at the Single-Cell LevelR01AI149672 · NIAID · OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY · PI ESTES, JACOB D · 2020 to 2024
$4.0MRECOMBINANT PICORNAVIRUSES AS AIDS VACCINESR01AI036178 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI ANDINO, RAUL · 1994 to 2011
$3.6MIdentifying and Targeting Mechanisms for Membrane Signaling in Human CancerR01CA250534 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI JACKSON, PETER KENT, SWEET-CORDERO, ERIC ALEJANDRO · 2021 to 2025
$2.7MSpatial-Temporal Dissection of Stratified Host Tissue Responses to Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses in situ to Understand Intra-host PathogenesisDP2AI171139 · NIAID · BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER · PI Sizun Jiang · 2022 to 2026
$2.3MFatty Acid Signaling via GPCRs in Primary Cilia Controls Adipogenesis and Insulin Secretion, Regulating Obesity and DiabetesR01DK127665 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI JACKSON, PETER KENT, KIM, SEUNG K · 2021 to 2024
$2.0MCentriolar-ciliary signaling mechanisms in tissue regeneration and differentiationR01GM114276 · NIGMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI JACKSON, PETER KENT · 2015 to 2018
$1.5MNCATS NIH HHS R03 TR004209NCI NIH HHS R01 CA250534NCI NIH HHS U54 CA209971NCRR NIH HHS S10 RR026780NIAID NIH HHS DP2 AI171139NIAID NIH HHS N01 AI040085NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI091575NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI036178NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI149672NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD085901NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK116074NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK127665NIGMS NIH HHS F32 GM142180NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM114276NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM121565NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM007276
Abstract
How SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the airway barrier of mucus and periciliary mucins to infect nasal epithelium remains unclear. Using primary nasal epithelial organoid cultures, we found that the virus attaches to motile cilia via the ACE2 receptor. SARS-CoV-2 traverses the mucus layer, using motile cilia as tracks to access the cell body. Depleting cilia blocks infection for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. SARS-CoV-2 progeny attach to airway microvilli 24 h post-infection and trigger formation of apically extended and highly branched microvilli that organize viral egress from the microvilli back into the mucus layer, supporting a model of virus dispersion throughout airway tissue via mucociliary transport. Phosphoproteomics and kinase inhibition reveal that microvillar remodeling is regulated by p21-activated kinases (PAK). Importantly, Omicron variants bind with higher affinity to motile cilia and show accelerated viral entry. Our work suggests that motile cilia, microvilli, and mucociliary-dependent mucus flow are critical for efficient virus replication in nasal epithelia.
Indexed as
COVID-19Respiratory SystemSARS-CoV-2CiliaEpithelial CellsHumansMicrovilliVirus Internalizationairway epithelial cellsciliaCOVID-19microvilliorganoidsprotein kinasesproteomicsrespiratory synctital virusrespiratory virusSARS-CoV-2
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.