ArticleCell2023
Continuous germinal center invasion contributes to the diversity of the immune response.
Article in Cell, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 66 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting T follicular helper cells for lifelong health.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Germinal Center Selection and Plasma Cell Differentiation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Biophysical properties of IgD determine thresholds for self-tolerance and selection into germinal centers.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A temporal map of B cell diversification mechanisms in mice.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Tertiary Lymphoid Structure: A Potential Therapeutic Target Affecting Immune Response in Autoimmune Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- A glycan-based adjuvant expands the breadth and duration of protection of mRNA-based vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Antibody-mediated diversification of primary and secondary humoral immune responses.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Clonal dynamics of germinal center refueling by secondary immunization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Germinal-centre and extrafollicular B cell pathways in systemic lupus erythematosus.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Chronic infection perturbs the affinity hierarchy of antiviral B cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- The vaccine platform used for COVID-19 primary immunization shapes the quality of the human B cell response to a vaccine boost.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Extrafollicular and other non-germinal center B cell responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- Kidney Tertiary Lymphoid Tissues and Poor Immunosuppressive Response in IgA Nephropathy.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- The multilayered identity of B cell memory.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Not all plasma cells are made equal: well-hidden layers of heterogeneity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Nanobodies in biomedicine: from molecular characteristics to fabrication and clinical translation.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Modelling the Variability in Immunity Build-Up and Waning Following RNA-Based Vaccination.Viruses · 2025Article
- Antibody Mediated Diversification of Primary and Secondary Immune Responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Antibody responses are characterized by increasing affinity and diversity over time. Affinity maturation occurs in germinal centers by a mechanism that involves repeated cycles of somatic mutation and selection. How antibody responses diversify while also undergoing affinity maturation is not as well understood. Here, we examined germinal center (GC) dynamics by tracking B cell entry, division, somatic mutation, and specificity. Our experiments show that naive B cells continuously enter GCs where they compete for T cell help and undergo clonal expansion. Consistent with late entry, invaders carry fewer mutations but can contribute up to 30% or more of the cells in late-stage germinal centers. Notably, cells entering the germinal center at later stages of the reaction diversify the immune response by expressing receptors that show low affinity to the immunogen. Paradoxically, the affinity threshold for late GC entry is lowered in the presence of high-affinity antibodies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.