ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2023
Race Differences in the Association Between Sleep Medication Use and Risk of Dementia.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Meta-Regression of psychosocial factors associated with sleep outcomes in mindfulness-based intervention trials.Behavioral sleep medicinePooled it
- Efficacy and safety of Kami Guibi-tang in older adults with insomnia and memory complaints: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Trial
- Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp815 improves sleep and increases urinary GABA in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sleep disturbance.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Experiences of violence and the use of sleep-inducing medicines: a population-based study.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Sleep disorders and sleep medications as risk factors for dementia in kidney transplant recipients: A retrospective cohort study.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2025Article
- Subjective sleep characteristics in non-demented adults: domain-specific associations with multimodal Alzheimer's disease biomarkers.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Sleep disturbances and racial-ethnic disparities in 10-year dementia risk among a national sample of older adults in the USA.BJPsych open · 2024Article
- Neurosteroid Levels in GBA Mutated and Non-Mutated Parkinson's Disease: A Possible Factor Influencing Clinical Phenotype?Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Effect of Kami Guibi-tang (KGT) in elderly subjects with insomnia: a study protocol from a single center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2023Article
- Evaluation of racial and ethnic heterogeneity in the associations of sleep quality and sleep apnea risk with cognitive function and cognitive decline.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe effect of sleep medications on cognition in older adults is controversial, possibly dependent upon sleep quality, and may differ by race.
objectiveTo determine the longitudinal association between sleep medication use and incident dementia over 15 years, and to explore whether the association is independent of nighttime sleep disturbances and if it differs by race.
methodsWe examined 3,068 community-dwelling older adults (aged 74.1±2.9 years, 41.7% Black, 51.5% female) without dementia. Sleep medication use was recorded three times by asking "Do you take sleeping pills or other medications to help you sleep?" with the response options: "Never (0)", "Rarely (≤1/month)", "Sometimes (2-4/month)", "Often (5-15/month)", or "Almost Always (16-30/month)". Incident dementia was defined using hospitalization records, dementia medication prescription or clinically significant decline in global cognition.
results138 (7.71%) of Whites and 34 (2.66%) of Blacks reported taking sleep medications "often or almost always". Whites were almost twice as likely to take all prescription hypnotics. 617 participants developed dementia over the follow-up. After adjustment for all covariates, participants who reported taking sleep medications ≥ 5/month versus ≤1/month were significantly more likely to develop dementia, and the association was only observed among Whites (HR = 1.79,1.21-2.66) but not Blacks (HR = 0.84,0.38-1.83); p for interaction = 0.048. Further adjustment for nighttime sleep did not appreciably alter the results. The association was similar for the cumulative frequency of sleep medication use and remained after introducing a time lag of 3 years.
conclusionFrequent sleep medication use was associated with an increased risk of dementia in White older adults. Further research is needed to determine underlying mechanisms.
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