Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36564772›Full record

ArticleBMC health services research2022

Profiling of antimicrobial dispensing practices in accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tanzania: a mixed-method cross-sectional study focusing on pediatric patients.

David T Myemba, Betty A Maganda, Upendo O Kibwana, Lilian Nkinda, Pacifique Ndayishimiye, Manase Kilonzi, Wigilya P Mikomangwa, Belinda J Njiro, Harrieth P Ndumwa, Hamu J Mlyuka and 16 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC health services research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

David T MyembaSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Betty A MagandaSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Upendo O KibwanaSchool of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Lilian NkindaSchool of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Pacifique NdayishimiyeSchool of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 4285, Kigali, Rwanda. pacimiye@gmail.com.
Manase KilonziSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Wigilya P MikomangwaSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Belinda J NjiroSchool of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Harrieth P NdumwaSchool of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Hamu J MlyukaSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Fatuma F FelixSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Dorkasi L MwakawangaSchool of Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Peter P KunambiSchool of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Godfrey SambayiSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Judith K CostantineSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Alphonce I MarealleSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Ritah MutagondaSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Gerald J MakukaSchool of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Samson W KubigwaLiwale District Hospital, P.O Box 28, Lindi, Tanzania.
Nathanael SiriliSchool of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Rogers MwakalukwaSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Rashid MfaumeRegional Administrative Secretary, P.O. Box 5429, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Arapha Bashir NshauThe Pharmacy Council of Tanzania, P.O. Box 31818, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
George M BwireSchool of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Elevanie NyankeshaUnited Nations Children's Fund, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
Robert W ScherpbierUnited Nations Children's Fund, Bâtiment BIT, Route Des Morillons 4, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe emergency of antimicrobial resistance due to irrational antimicrobial use has put public health under threat. Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets (ADDOs) play an important role in enhancing availability and accessibility of antimicrobials, however, there is a scarcity of studies assessing antimicrobial dispensing practices in these outlets, focusing on children in Tanzania.

objectiveThis study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial dispensing practices among ADDO dispensers and explore the factors influencing the use of antimicrobials for children in Tanzania.

methodsA community-based cross-sectional study utilizing both qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (simulated clients) methods was conducted between June and September 2020 in seven zones and 14 regions in Tanzania.

resultsThe study found inappropriate dispensing and use of antimicrobials for children, influenced by multiple factors such as patient's and dispenser's knowledge and attitude, financial constraints, and product-related factors. Only 8% (62/773) of dispensers asked for prescriptions, while the majority (90%) were willing to dispense without prescriptions. Most dispensers, 83% (426/513), supplied incomplete doses of antimicrobials and only 60.5% (345/570) of the dispensers gave proper instructions for antimicrobial use to clients. Over 75% of ADDO dispensers displayed poor practice in taking patient history.

conclusionADDO dispensers demonstrated poor practices in dispensing and promoting rational antimicrobial use for children. Training, support, and regulatory interventions are required to improve antimicrobial dispensing practices in community drug outlets.

Indexed as

Anti-Infective AgentsAntimalarialsChildCross-Sectional StudiesHumansTanzaniaAnti-Infective AgentsAntimalarialsADDOsAntimicrobialsChildrenDispensing practicesDispensing profiles

Identifiers

PMID36564772
PMCPMC9783391

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.