SynthesisEnvironmental research2023
Cadmium exposure and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Environmental research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for breast cancer: an umbrella review of observational cohort studies and causal relationship analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Endocrine Disruptors and Gynecological Malignancies.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Differential Effects of 17β-Estradiol, Its Metabolites, and Cadmium on Cytotoxicity and Redox-Related Pathways in Doxorubicin-Sensitive and -Resistant Breast Cancer Cell Lines.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Multi-Targeted Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Breast Cancer.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A comprehensive examination of the impact of environmental pollution on lung cancer: A review.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Bioinformatics-Based Discovery of Therapeutic Targets in Cadmium-Induced Lung Adenocarcinoma: The Role of Oxyresveratrol.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Statistical approaches to analyse the combined effect of seven air pollutants and breast cancer risk: a case-control study nested in the French E3N-Generations cohort.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- FIGO committee opinion: Environmental drivers of gynecologic and reproductive health.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2025Article
- Essential and non-essential metals in children's intellectual functioning: A multi-media biomarker approach from a Mexico City birth cohort.Environmental research · 2025Article
- DNA damage response inhibition is an early event in cadmium-induced breast carcinogenesis.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2025Article
- Association between urinary cadmium levels and increased gallstone disease in US adults.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Associations between dietary exposure to profiles of metalloestrogens and estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer risk in the French E3N cohort.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Water sources and educational attainment in Colombian adults: evidence from the national nutritional survey.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd)-Induced Malignancy.Biological trace element research · 2025Review
- Modification Effects of Homologous Recombination Repair Gene Polymorphisms on the Associations Between Urinary Metals and Breast Cancer Risk.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Plumbagin Inhibits Cadmium-Induced Interleukin-6/STAT3 Signaling in the Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Article
- Relationships between blood cadmium concentration and risk of nine cancers: evidence from the NHANES 1999-2018 and Mendelian randomization analyses.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- Metals on the Menu-Analyzing the Presence, Importance, and Consequences.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCadmium is a heavy metal with carcinogenic properties, highly prevalent in industrialized areas worldwide. Prior reviews evaluating whether cadmium influences breast cancer have been inconclusive and not reflected several recent studies.
objectiveTo evaluate the association between cadmium exposure and female breast cancer incidence, with an emphasis on separately estimating dietary vs. airborne vs. biomarker measures of cadmium and studies published until October 2022.
methodsWe evaluated risk of bias using set criteria and excluded one study judged to have high risk based on self-report of breast cancer and insufficient adjustment. We conducted a random effects meta-analysis of epidemiological studies, including subgroups by exposure route and by menopausal status.
resultsA total of 17 studies were eligible for our meta-analysis. Only 2 studies addressed airborne cadmium directly. Breast cancer risk was elevated in women exposed to higher levels of cadmium across all studies - pooled odds ratio: 1.13 (95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.28), with notable heterogeneity between studies (I
conclusionFindings from our meta-analysis suggest that exposure to higher cadmium increases the risk of breast cancer in women, but with remaining questions about whether non-dietary exposure may be more risky or whether residual confounding by constituents of tobacco smoke may be at play.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.