ReviewVaccines2022
Gender and Race-Based Health Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis of a National Sample.
Review in Vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping the evidence on the intersection of gender and social determinants of health in health inequality: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Understanding sex and gender disparities in COVID-19 mortality: a narrative review beyond biology.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities and the National Burden of COVID-19 on Inpatient Hospitalizations: A Retrospective Study in the United States in the Year 2020.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Observational
- PREDICTORS AND OUTCOMES OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE PATIENTS: EVIDENCE FROM A LARGE-SCALE NATIONAL DATABASE ANALYSIS.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2025Article
- Lower cancer incidence three years after COVID-19 infection in a large veteran population.PloS one · 2025Article
- Comorbidities and mortality risk in COVID-19 patients with congestive heart failure: A comprehensive analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Comparison of In-Hospital Outcomes between Early and Late Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis in Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Retrospective Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Significant association between asthma and a lower risk of mortality among COVID-19 patients in Spain: A meta-analysis.Qatar medical journal · 2024Review
- COVID-19 waves in an urban setting 2020-2022: an electronic medical record analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Use of Electronic Clinical Data to Track Incidence and Mortality for SARS-CoV-2-Associated Sepsis.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Review
- A Meta-Analysis on the Association between Peptic Ulcer Disease and COVID-19 Severity.Vaccines · 2023Review
- The Most Vulnerable Hispanic Immigrants in New York City: Structural Racism and Gendered Differences in COVID-19 Deaths.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Nationwide in-hospital mortality and morbidity analysis of COVID-19 in advanced chronic kidney disease, dialysis and kidney transplant recipients.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Disparities in outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalizations in native American individuals.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Comparing Social Isolation in Older Adults With and Without Physical Health Challenges During COVID-19: Church and Church Friends Matter.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 has brought the disparities in health outcomes for patients to the forefront. Racial and gender identity are associated with prevalent healthcare disparities. In this study, we examine the health disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization outcome from the intersectional lens of racial and gender identity. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 2020 NIS dataset for hospitalizations from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020 was analyzed for primary outcome of in-patient mortality and secondary outcomes of intubation, acute kidney injury (AKI), AKI requiring hemodialysis (HD), cardiac arrest, stroke, and vasopressor use. A multivariate regression model was used to identify associations. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. Men had higher rates of adverse outcomes. Native American men had the highest risk of in-hospital mortality (aOR 2.0, CI 1.7−2.4) and intubation (aOR 1.8, CI 1.5−2.1), Black men had highest risk of AKI (aOR 2.0, CI 1.9−2.0). Stroke risk was highest in Asian/Pacific Islander women (aOR 1.5, p = 0.001). We note that the intersection of gender and racial identities has a significant impact on outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in the United States with Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) men have higher risks of adverse outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.