ArticleNutrients2022
Limonin, a Component of Immature Citrus Fruits, Activates Anagen Signaling in Dermal Papilla Cells.
Article in Nutrients, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lactic Acid Bacteria with Probiotic Potential Regulating Macrophages: Mechanisms, Regulatory Features, and Clinical Applications.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- ACOD1 deficiency promotes DDX1 methylation-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and dermal papilla cell senescence in androgenetic alopecia.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Screening and Genetic Analysis of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. Longum dipro-X for IBD Alleviation.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Rebamipide Induces Hair Regeneration Through EP4-Driven Lipid Metabolism Remodeling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Multifunctional nanomedicine targeting the 'seed-and-soil' of hair follicles via simultaneous alleviation of oxidative stress and activation of autophagy for androgenetic alopecia therapy.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Efficacy of Water-Soluble Fraction ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Oxidative stress in hair follicle development and hair growth: Signalling pathways, intervening mechanisms and potential of natural antioxidants.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Autophagy Dysfunction: The Kernel of Hair Loss?Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2024Review
- Effects ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- mTOR signaling in hair follicle and hair diseases: recent progress.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Hair loss remains a significant problem that is difficult to treat; therefore, there is a need to identify safe natural materials that can help patients with hair loss. We evaluated the hair anagen activation effects of limonin, which is abundant in immature citrus fruits. Limonin increased the proliferation of rat dermal papilla cells (rDPC) by changing the levels of cyclin D1 and p27, and increasing the number of BrdU-positive cells. Limonin increased autophagy by decreasing phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin levels and increasing the phospho-Raptor, ATG7 and LC3B. Limonin also activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by increasing phospho-β-catenin levels. XAV939, a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor, inhibited these limonin-induced changes, including induced autophagy, BrdU-positive cells, and cell proliferation. Limonin increased the phosphorylated AKT levels in both two-dimensional cultured rDPC and three-dimensional spheroids. Treatment with the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin inhibited limonin-induced proliferation, and disrupted other limonin-mediated changes, including decreased p27, increased BrdU-positive cells, induced autophagy, and increased ATG7 and LC3B levels. Wortmannin also inhibited limonin-induced cyclin D1 and LC3 expression in spheroids. Collectively, these results indicate that limonin can enhance anagen signaling by activating autophagy via targeting the Wnt/β-catenin and/or PI3K/AKT pathways in rDPC, highlighting a candidate nutrient for hair loss treatment.
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