Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36557416›Full record

ArticleMicromachines2022

Three-Dimensional Polymer Variable Optical Attenuator Based on Vertical Multimode Interference with Graphene Heater.

Xinru Xu, Yuexin Yin, Mengke Yao, Xiaojie Yin, Feifei Gao, Yuanda Wu, Changming Chen, Fei Wang, Daming Zhang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Micromachines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Xinru XuState Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.ORCID 0000-0002-2820-4254
Yuexin YinState Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.ORCID 0000-0003-0774-0362
Mengke YaoState Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
Xiaojie YinState Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
Feifei GaoShijia Photons Technology, Hebi 458030, China.
Yuanda WuCollege of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Changming ChenState Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.ORCID 0000-0002-7400-6662
Fei WangState Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
Daming ZhangState Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.ORCID 0000-0002-5651-8699

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Low-power-consumption optical devices are crucial for large-scale photonic integrated circuits (PICs). In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) polymer variable optical attenuator (VOA) is proposed. For monolithic integration of silica and polymer-based planar lightwave circuits (PLCs), the vertical VOA is inserted between silica-based waveguides. Optical and thermal analyses are performed through the beam propagation method (BPM) and finite-element method (FEM), respectively. A compact size of 3092 μm × 4 μm × 7 μm is achieved with a vertical multimode interference (MMI) structure. The proposed VOA shows an insertion loss (IL) of 0.58 dB and an extinction ratio (ER) of 21.18 dB. Replacing the graphene heater with an aluminum (Al) electrode, the power consumption is decreased from 29.90 mW to 21.25 mW. The rise and fall time are improved to 353.85 μs and 192.87 μs, respectively. The compact and high-performance VOA shows great potential for a variety of applications, including optical communications, integrated optics, and optical interconnections.

Indexed as

3D integrationmultimode interferenceoptical devicesvariable optical attenuator

Identifiers

PMID36557416
PMCPMC9781668

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.