ArticleLife (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Cytokines as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Characteristics of Schizophrenia.
Article in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Interrelationships between Cytokines and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Visceral Adiposity Is Associated with Elevated Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Levels and Anxiety Symptoms in Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Integrated alterations in inflammation, endothelial function, and extracellular matrix pathways in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- Associations of serum TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-18 levels with the clinical symptoms in acute schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Protein Kinase Expression of the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Peripheral Mononuclear Cells of Schizophrenia Patients: A Pilot Study.NeuroSci · 2025Article
- Clinical Relevance of Peripheral Interleukins in Drug-Naive First-Episode Psychosis: Symptom-Specific Associations from the PANSS Dimensions.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Interleukin-5, Eosinophil, and Immunoglobulin A Levels in Schizophrenia Patients.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
- First-episode psychiatric disorder risk from SARS-CoV-2 infection: A clinical analysis with Chinese psychiatric inpatients.Journal of biomedical research · 2024Article
- Article
- Putative role of immune reactions in the mechanism of tardive dyskinesia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Review
- Streptolysin S induces pronounced calcium-ion influx-dependent expression of immediate early genes encoding transcription factors.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Association of Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers and Growth Factors Levels with Sex, Therapy and Other Clinical Factors in Schizophrenia and Patient Stratification Based on These Data.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Serum Growth Factors in Schizophrenia Patients.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Article
- Serum Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Subtypes of Clinical High Risk Individuals: A Prospective Cohort Study.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immune activation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, as confirmed by many studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The important role of neuroinflammation in the formation of the relation between impaired neurobiological processes and schizophrenia psychopathology is being actively discussed. We quantified serum concentrations of 22 cytokines in 236 patients with schizophrenia and 103 mentally and somatically healthy individuals by a multiplex assay. We found higher TGF-α (p = 0.014), IFN-γ (p = 0.036), IL-5 (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p = 0.047), IL-8 (p = 0.005), IL-10 (p <0.001), IL-15 (p = 0.007), IL-1RA (p = 0.007), and TNF-α (p < 0.001) levels in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy individuals. Subgroup analysis revealed a much greater number of statistically significant differences in cytokine levels among females than among males. Patients with a continuous course of schizophrenia showed statistically significantly higher levels of IL-12p70 (p = 0.019), IL-1α (p = 0.046), and IL-1β (p = 0.035) compared with patients with an episodic course. Most cytokines were positively correlated with positive, general, and total PANSS scores. In patients with a duration of schizophrenia of 10 years or more, the level of IL-10 was higher than that in patients with a disease duration of 5 years or less (p = 0.042). Thus, an imbalance in cytokines was revealed in patients with schizophrenia, depending on sex and clinical characteristics of the disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.