ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Does a Little Difference Make a Big Difference? Bovine β-Casein A1 and A2 Variants and Human Health-An Update.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Ex Vivo Immune Response of Casein-Sensitized Lymphocytes to Bovine Milk Protein Composite Genotypes: Beyond the β-Casein A1/A2 Paradigm.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Lipidomic analysis of A1, A2, and heterozygous beta-casein genotypes in bovine milk using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- TheAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- A Flexible Proteomic Approach to A2 Bovine Milk Authentication Through Tryptic, Thermolytic, and Peptic Proteotypic Peptides Elucidated by Routine LC-MS Analysis.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2026Article
- Differential Release of β-Casomorphins from A1 and A2 Milk During Standardized Gastrointestinal Digestion Quantified by CE-MS.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- β-Casein Polymorphism as a Potential Evolutionary Trade-Off: The Rise of A1 Under Intensive Selection and Its Implications for Gastrointestinal Tolerance and Agroecological Resilience.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Camel Milk as a Functional Food: Nutritional Composition, Health-Promoting Benefits, and Safety Considerations.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- β-casomorphin-7: a review of occurrence, identification, techno-functionality, and effects on human health.NPJ science of food · 2026Review
- Article
- Review
- Identification of alternative splicing events in cows with A1A1 and A2A2 β-casein genotypes using large gap read mapping.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- β-Casomorphin-7 as a Potential Inflammatory Marker: How β-Casomorphin-7 Induces Endothelial Dysfunction in HUVEC/TERT2 Cell Lines.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Frequency of A1 and A2 alleles of the β-casein gene in cattle in the Cajamarca region of Peru.Open veterinary journal · 2025Article
- β-Casein A1 and A2 Genetic Variants and β-Casomorphin-7 in Raw Milk and Processed Milk Products.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Heterologous Caseins: The Role of Phosphorylation in Their Functionality and How to Achieve It.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Effect of Infant Formula Made With Milk Free of A1-Type β-Casein on Growth and Comfort: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Influence of the β-Casein Genotype of Cow's Milk (A1, A2) on the Quality and β-Casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) Content of a Semi-Hard Cheese During Production.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Differential A1/A2 β-casein (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
For over 20 years, bovine beta-casein has been a subject of increasing scientific interest because its genetic A1 variant during gastrointestinal digestion releases opioid-like peptide β-casomorphin-7 (β-CM-7). Since β-CM-7 is involved in the dysregulation of many physiological processes, there is a growing discussion of whether the consumption of the β-casein A1 variant has an influence on human health. In the last decade, the number of papers dealing with this problem has substantially increased. The newest clinical studies on humans showed a negative effect of variant A1 on serum glutathione level, digestive well-being, cognitive performance score in children, and mood score in women. Scientific reports in this field can affect the policies of dairy cattle breeders and the milk industry, leading to the elimination of allele A1 in dairy cattle populations and promoting milk products based on milk from cows with the A2A2 genotype. More scientific proof, especially in well-designed clinical studies, is necessary to determine whether a little difference in the β-casein amino acid sequence negatively affects the health of milk consumers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.