ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Evaluation of 34 Cytokines and Vitamin D Status Reveal A Sexually-Dimorphic Active Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Altered Circulating Cytokine Profile Among mRNA-Vaccinated Young Adults: A Year-Long Follow-Up Study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Article
- Vitamin D stimulates Il-15 synthesis in rodent muscle.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the vitamin D response index in a Saudi cohort.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Article
- Correlation of vitamin D levels with serum parameters in Covid-19 patients.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2023Article
- Article
- Hyaluronan in the pathogenesis of acute and post-acute COVID-19 infection.Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Several observational studies have inconsistently demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection and severity. Discrepancies in results may partially be explained by the individuals’ immune profiles, which are modulated, in varying degrees, by vitamin D status and sex hormones. Methods: In this study we evaluated the differences and associations of serum levels of 25(OH)D with 34 cytokines in 220 adults (82 controls (41 males; 41 females) and 138 SARS-CoV-2 patients (79 males and 59 females)) with and without COVID-19. Results: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the SARS-CoV-2 group than in the controls. Serum IP-10, MCP-1, CRP, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17α, IL-23, and IL-6 were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Serum levels of VEGF, IFNγ, IL-13, and IL-5 were significantly higher in male patients than in females. 25(OH)D was significantly correlated with EFG (R = 0.39, p < 0.05) and IL-15 (R = 0.39, p < 0.05) in male patients, while it was inversely correlated with CRP (R = −0.51, p < 0.05) in female patients. Conclusions: Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines, and vitamin D were observed in SARS-CoV-2 adult patients. These expressions were sexually dimorphic and thus highlight the sex-specific nature of the active immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Registered trials
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