ReviewAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Association between Heavy Metal Exposure and Parkinson's Disease: A Review of the Mechanisms Related to Oxidative Stress.
Review in Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toxic Metal in Plant-Based Therapeutics: Contamination Pathways, Oxidative Stress Induction, and Onset of Disease.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2026Pooled it
- Actual Data on Essential Trace Elements in Parkinson's Disease.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Cumulative and Interactive Effects of Heavy Metal Mixtures Across Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Comparative Review of Alzheimer, Parkinson, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- Trace Elements Dyshomeostasis and Toxic Metals Neurotoxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases.Biological trace element research · 2026Review
- Heavy metal toxicity as a driver of endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysfunction.The FEBS journal · 2026Review
- DYRK1A and Parkinson's disease, facts and hypotheses.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Review
- c-Jun in neurodegeneration: A key transcriptional regulator with therapeutic implications.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Tracing the threads: How toxic metals contribute to neurodegeneration.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Exploring and Targeting the Connection of Iron and Copper Homeostasis to Neurodegenerative Diseases.MedComm · 2026Review
- Article
- Novel Pyrrole-Based Hydrazide-Hydrazones: Synthesis, In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Activity, In Silico ADME, and DFT Studies.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Amyloid beta levels and occludin depletion in low dose heavy metal mixture mediated cerebellar toxicity in Wistar rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Influence of Gut Microbiome on Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation: Implications for Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- LIFETIME JEM-DERIVED OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE BURDEN AND ODDS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND PARKINSONISM IN A MATCHED CASE-CONTROL STUDY.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Manganese Exposure: Delayed Effects and Biomarkers in adult male and female Wistar rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Brain neuronal CG9593/ANGPTL4 activation mediates paternally acquired motor disorders.Science advances · 2026Article
- North-South asymmetry of Parkinson's disease mortality in Brazil between 2009 and 2023: a spatial analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Rice bran extract ameliorates metal mixture induced cerebral cortex dysfunction: implicating the Nrf-2/HMOX-1/BDNF signalling pathway.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2026Article
- Metallothioneins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Metal Homeostasis, Autoimmunity, and Therapeutic Potential.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Agricultural Copper Pesticide Exposure and Metabolic Profiles among Parkinson's Disease Cases and Community Controls in California.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a gradually progressing neurodegenerative condition that is marked by a loss of motor coordination along with non-motor features. Although the precise cause of PD has not been determined, the disease condition is mostly associated with the exposure to environmental toxins, such as metals, and their abnormal accumulation in the brain. Heavy metals, such as iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), have been linked to PD and contribute to its progression. In addition, the interactions among the components of a metal mixture may result in synergistic toxicity. Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a connection between PD and either single or mixed exposure to these heavy metals, which increase the prevalence of PD. Chronic exposure to heavy metals is related to the activation of proinflammatory cytokines resulting in neuronal loss through neuroinflammation. Similarly, metals disrupt redox homeostasis while inducing free radical production and decreasing antioxidant levels in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, these metals alter molecular processes and result in oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis, which can potentially trigger dopaminergic neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the roles of Hg, Pb, Mn, Cu, and Fe in the development and progression of PD. Moreover, it explores the plausible roles of heavy metals in neurodegenerative mechanisms that facilitate the development of PD. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying metal toxicities will enable the establishment of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent or cure PD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.