ReviewBiomedicines2022
Sex Hormones as Key Modulators of the Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.
Review in Biomedicines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between perfluoroalkyl substances and multiple sclerosis in U.S. cohorts compared with NMOSD, MOGAD, and healthy controls.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Opioid Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis: Emerging Targets for Repair.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Expert Opinion on Age-Related Sex Hormone Changes and Hypogonadism in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Delphi Consensus Program.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2026Review
- Menopause and multiple sclerosis: A scoping review of symptoms, disease course, and lived experience.Maturitas · 2026Article
- TFEB, FOXO3 and TLR4 in resveratrol-induced autophagy in a mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB mouse model.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Sex and gender as contributors to brain pathophysiology, clinical course, and therapeutic response in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Regulate CASP3 and Neuroimmune Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis: An Integrative Multiomics Study.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- Beyond the optic disc: Investigating gender-based differences in optic neuritis.World journal of clinical cases · 2025Review
- Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis and Primary Headache: Is There a Link?Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Steroidomic Changes in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Women with Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Effect of Treatment on Steroidome in Women with Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Altered Steroidome in Women with Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Association betweenBiomedical reports · 2024Review
- Role of sex in immune response and epigenetic mechanisms.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2024Review
- Multiple Sclerosis: New Insights into Molecular Pathogenesis and Novel Platforms for Disease Treatment.Current drug research reviews · 2024Review
- Exploiting gender-based biomarkers and drug targets: advancing personalized therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Modulation of Gut Microbiome Community Mitigates Multiple Sclerosis in a Mouse Model: The Promising Role ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Menopausal transition in multiple sclerosis: relationship with disease activity and brain volume measurements.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Does menopause affect MS progression? Evidence and ongoing debates.Neurodegenerative disease managementArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA variety of autoimmune diseases, including MS, amplify sex-based physiological differences in immunological responsiveness. Female MS patients experience pathophysiological changes during reproductive phases (pregnancy and menopause). Sex hormones can act on immune cells, potentially enabling them to modify MS risk, activity, and progression, and to play a role in treatment.
methodsScientific papers (published between 1998 and 2021) were selected through PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science literature repositories. The search was limited to publications analyzing the hormonal profile of male and female MS patients during different life phases, in particular focusing on sex hormone treatment.
resultsBoth men and women with MS have lower testosterone levels compared to healthy controls. The levels of estrogens and progesterone increase during pregnancy and then rapidly decrease after delivery, possibly mediating an immune-stabilizing process. The literature examined herein evidences the neuroprotective effect of testosterone and estrogens in MS, supporting further examinations of their potential therapeutic uses.
conclusionsA correlation has been identified between sex hormones and MS clinical activity. The combination of disease-modifying therapies with estrogen or estrogen plus a progestin receptor modulator promoting myelin repair might represent an important strategy for MS treatment in the future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.