ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Use of Antimicrobials by Class in Pigs in Germany-A Longitudinal Description Considering Different International Categorisation Systems.
Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intestinal colonization of weaner pigs by extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-encoding Escherichia coli classified for differential host-association using a phylogenetics-based approach.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial resistance in breeding pigs in Germany - differences between 2015 and 2023.Porcine health management · 2026Article
- The role of gut microbiome in antimicrobial resistance transmission between companion animals and livestock: mechanisms, drivers, and One Health implications.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial resistance genes in weaned pigs: quantitative abundance and group dynamics assessed by qPCR.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Integration sites ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Trends in Antimicrobial Usage on Swiss Pig Farms from 2018 to 2021: Based on an Electronic Treatment Journal.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Antimicrobial usage in both human and veterinary medicine is considered one of the main drivers of antimicrobial resistance; its reduction poses a serious challenge. To analyse the associations between usage and resistance, data from monitoring systems and classification of all antimicrobial substances are crucial. In this analysis, we investigated longitudinal data collected between 2013 and 2020 within the Veterinary Consumption of Antibiotics project from pig farms in Germany, including all antimicrobial classes, but focusing on critically important antimicrobials: third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and polymyxins. Analysing the treatment frequency, we found that a reduction in antimicrobial use in all types of pig production has occurred over time, accompanied by a rising percentage of farms without any usage. The lists of the World Health Organisation, World Organisation for Animal Health, and European Medicine Agency classify different antimicrobial substances as critically important. The vast differences between the respective weighted treatment frequencies allocated to the antimicrobials of main interest reflect the huge impact of the three categorisation systems. We concluded that, with the aim of creating national treatment guidelines supporting veterinarians to make treatment decisions, the list of the European Medicine Agency is the most suitable.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.