ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2022
The Risk of Pyelonephritis Following Uncomplicated Cystitis: A Nationwide Primary Healthcare Study.
Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of a multimodal intervention in primary care to reduce second line antibiotic prescriptions for urinary tract infections in women: parallel, cluster randomised, controlled trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023Trial
- Variation in Guidelines for the Management of Acute Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections Across the United States, Europe, and Australia.International urogynecology journal · 2026Review
- From Dismissal to Partnership: Patient Experiences of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Healthcare Informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework and Behaviour Change Theory.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- The oral penems and carbapenems.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Co-resistance between oral antibiotics for pyelonephritis and those for cystitis-applying an escalation antibiogram model to local community data.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Remote versus in-person consultations for acute cystitis: antibiotic treatment and clinical outcomes, a retrospective cohort study.BJGP open · 2025Article
- Impact of sulfonamide allergy label on clinical outcomes of acute cystitis: a retrospective matched cohort study.Internal medicine journal · 2025Article
- Therapeutic strategies for uncomplicated cystitis in women.GMS infectious diseases · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe risk of pyelonephritis following uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (cystitis) in women has not been studied in well-powered samples. This is likely due to the previous lack of nationwide primary healthcare data. We aimed to examine the risks of pyelonephritis following cystitis in women and explore if antibiotic treatment, cervical cancer, parity, and sociodemographic factors are related to these risks.
methodsThis was a nationwide cohort study (2006-2018) of 752,289 women diagnosed with uncomplicated cystitis in primary healthcare settings. Of these, 404 696 did not redeem an antibiotic prescription within five days from cystitis. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios for pyelonephritis within 30 days and 90 days following the cystitis event.
resultsAround one percent (7454) of all women with cystitis were diagnosed with pyelonephritis within 30 days, of which 78.2% had not redeemed an antibiotic for their cystitis. Antibiotic treatment was inversely associated with both outpatient registration and hospitalization due to pyelonephritis, with odds ratios of 0.85 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.91) and 0.65 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.77), respectively. Sociodemographic factors, parity, and cervical cancer were, with few exceptions (e.g., age and region of residency), not associated with pyelonephritis.
conclusionsAntibiotic treatment was inversely associated with pyelonephritis, but the absolute risk reduction was low. Non-antibiotic treatment for cystitis might be a safe option for most women. Future studies identifying the women at the highest risks will help clinicians in their decision making when treating cystitis, while keeping the ecological costs of antibiotics in mind.
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