ArticleBiology of sex differences2022
Sex differences in early and term placenta are conserved in adult tissues.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcriptomic Profiling of SLC and ABC Transporters in the Human Term Placenta.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Sex-linked placental DNA methylation associated with early-onset preeclampsia.Research square · 2026Article
- Sex-specific outcomes following chorioamnionitis.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Placental and juvenile immune responses to maternal immune activation are differentially regulated by sex chromosomes and gonads across gestation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Cell-type specific allelic dampening of sex-linked genes in sex chromosome aneuploidy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex-influenced DNA methylation differs by placental cell type.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Placental iron transport under maternal stress: a missing link in foetal programming and mental health.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Nonlinear and sex-specific associations of maternal vitamin D in early- and mid-pregnancy with childhood growth trajectories from birth to 6 years of age: a prospective cohort study in China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent relationships between PFAS and placental transcriptomics identified by weighted gene co-expression analysis.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Sex-differentiated placental methylation and gene expression regulation has implications for neonatal traits and adult diseases.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Breaking rules: the complex relationship between DNA methylation and X-chromosome inactivation in the human placenta.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- The role of microRNAs in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2024Review
- Sexually dimorphic DNA methylation and gene expression patterns in human first trimester placenta.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Maternal obesity and placental function: impaired maternal-fetal axis.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Review
- High-throughput mRNA sequencing of human placenta shows sex differences across gestation.Placenta · 2024Article
- RISING STARS: Mechanistic insights into maternal-fetal cross talk and islet beta-cell development.The Journal of endocrinology · 2023Review
- Sex-specific impact of maternal obesity on fetal placental macrophages and cord blood triglycerides.Placenta · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPregnancy complications vary based on the fetus's genetic sex, which may, in part, be modulated by the placenta. Furthermore, developmental differences early in life can have lifelong health outcomes. Yet, sex differences in gene expression within the placenta at different timepoints throughout pregnancy and comparisons to adult tissues remains poorly characterized.
methodsHere, we collect and characterize sex differences in gene expression in term placentas (≥ 36.6 weeks; 23 male XY and 27 female XX). These are compared with sex differences in previously collected first trimester placenta samples and 42 non-reproductive adult tissues from GTEx.
resultsWe identify 268 and 53 sex-differentially expressed genes in the uncomplicated late first trimester and term placentas, respectively. Of the 53 sex-differentially expressed genes observed in the term placentas, 31 are also sex-differentially expressed genes in the late first trimester placentas. Furthermore, sex differences in gene expression in term placentas are highly correlated with sex differences in the late first trimester placentas. We found that sex-differential gene expression in the term placenta is significantly correlated with sex differences in gene expression in 42 non-reproductive adult tissues (correlation coefficient ranged from 0.892 to 0.957), with the highest correlation in brain tissues. Sex differences in gene expression were largely driven by gene expression on the sex chromosomes. We further show that some gametologous genes (genes with functional copies on X and Y) will have different inferred sex differences if the X-linked gene expression in females is compared to the sum of the X-linked and Y-linked gene expression in males.
conclusionsWe find that sex differences in gene expression are conserved in late first trimester and term placentas and that these sex differences are conserved in adult tissues. We demonstrate that there are sex differences associated with innate immune response in late first trimester placentas but there is no significant difference in gene expression of innate immune genes between sexes in healthy full-term placentas. Finally, sex differences are predominantly driven by expression from sex-linked genes.
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