ArticleNature communications2022
Memory for nonadjacent dependencies in the first year of life and its relation to sleep.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sleep forms flexible context representations in toddlers.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The impact of prenatal and postnatal acoustic experience to the discrimination of native versus non-native linguistic rules in the brain: insights from combined electrophysiological and vascular signals in 3-month-olds.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Functional reorganization of brain regions supporting artificial grammar learning across the first half year of life.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Individual differences in auditory perception predict learning of non-adjacent tone sequences in 3-year-olds.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Article
- Development of slow oscillation-spindle coupling from infancy to toddlerhood.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2024Article
- Developmental changes in retention and generalization of nonadjacent dependencies over a period containing sleep in 18-mo-old infants.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Grammar learning requires memory for dependencies between nonadjacent elements in speech. Immediate learning of nonadjacent dependencies has been observed in very young infants, but their memory of such dependencies has remained unexplored. Here we used event-related potentials to investigate whether 6- to 8-month-olds retain nonadjacent dependencies and if sleep after learning affects this memory. Infants were familiarised with two rule-based morphosyntactic dependencies, presented in sentences of an unknown language. Brain responses after a retention period reveal memory of the nonadjacent dependencies, independent of whether infants napped or stayed awake. Napping, however, altered a specific processing stage, suggesting that memory evolves during sleep. Infants with high left frontal spindle activity show an additional brain response indicating memory of individual speech phrases. Results imply that infants as young as 6 months are equipped with memory mechanisms relevant to grammar learning. They also suggest that during sleep, consolidation of highly specific information can co-occur with changes in the nature of generalised memory.
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