ReviewThe Journal of investigative dermatology2023
HIV-Associated Immune Dysregulation in the Skin: A Crucible for Exaggerated Inflammation and Hypersensitivity.
Review in The Journal of investigative dermatology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retrospective Study of Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox-HIV Coinfection in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Hangzhou, China.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Alterations of the skin microbiome in HIV infection with pruritus.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for dermatologic conditions in people with HIV in the modern antiretroviral era: A cohort study in Washington, DC.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2026Article
- Skin microbiome variation in people living with HIV: associations with antiretroviral therapy and host factors.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Observational
- Gut and skin microbial dysbiosis correlate with systemic inflammation and pruritus in immunological non-responders.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Immune dysregulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Implications for tuberculosis, COVID-19, and HIV/AIDS.Infectious medicine · 2025Review
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome as the presenting manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis coinfection.Dermatology online journal · 2025Article
- Immuno-cell metabolic changes in HIV-1 infection.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Review
- Article
- HIV-Associated Dermatological Alterations: Barrier Dysfunction, Immune Impairment, and Microbiome Changes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Seborrheic Dermatitis: Exploring the Complex Interplay withInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Radiation-induced skin injury: a review of pathophysiology, assessment, management, and re-irradiation protocols.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Vitiligo: are microbes to blame?Bioscience of microbiota, food and health · 2025Review
- COVID-19 and severe cutaneous allergic reactions to sulfonamides.Allergy and asthma proceedings · 2024Article
- Immunological Mechanisms in Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2024Review
- HIV-associated photodermatitis in African populations.Frontiers in allergy · 2023Review
- A Comprehensive Review on HIV-Associated Dermatologic Manifestations: From Epidemiology to Clinical Management.International journal of microbiology · 2023Review
- A clinico-epidemiological study of the mucocutaneous manifestations among people living with human immunodeficiency virus attending a tertiary care center in South India.Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDSArticle
- Ixekizumab for erythrodermic psoriasis in an HIV-positive patient: A safe alternative in a tuberculosis-endemic region.Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDSArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Skin diseases are hallmarks of progressive HIV-related immunosuppression, with severe noninfectious inflammatory and hypersensitivity conditions as common as opportunistic infections. Conditions such as papular pruritic eruption are AIDS defining, whereas delayed immune-mediated adverse reactions, mostly cutaneous, occur up to 100-fold more during HIV infection. The skin, constantly in contact with the external environment, has a complex immunity. A dense, tightly junctioned barrier with basal keratinocytes and epidermal Langerhans cells with antimicrobial, innate-activating, and antigen-presenting functions form the frontline. Resident dermal dendritic, mast, macrophage, and innate lymphoid cells play pivotal roles in directing and polarizing appropriate adaptive immune responses and directing effector immune cell trafficking. Sustained viral replication leads to progressive declines in CD4 T cells, whereas Langerhans and dermal dendritic cells serve as viral reservoirs and points of first viral contact in the mucosa. Cutaneous cytokine responses and diminished lymphoid populations create a crucible for exaggerated inflammation and hypersensitivity. However, beyond histopathological description, these manifestations are poorly characterized. This review details normal skin immunology, changes associated with progressive HIV-related immunosuppression, and the characteristic conditions of immune dysregulation increased with HIV. We highlight the main research gaps and several novel tissue-directed strategies to define mechanisms that will provide targeted approaches to prevention or treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.