ArticleBMJ open2022
Anti-corruption in global health systems: using key informant interviews to explore anti-corruption, accountability and transparency in international health organisations.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Do subsidies reach the sick? Implementation challenges and equity implications of pharmaceutical subsidy reform in Iran: a qualitative study.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Reforming the white coat economy: judicial evidence and institutional implications from China's healthcare anti-corruption campaign.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- From Aid to Impact: The Cost-Effectiveness of Global Health Aid in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Evolving Role of Microinsurance.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Understanding the political economy of reforming global health initiatives - insights from global and country levels.Globalization and health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
objectivesCorruption undermines the quality of healthcare and leads to inequitable access to essential health products. WHO, Global Fund, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Bank are engaged in anti-corruption in health sectors globally. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, weakened health systems and overlooked regulatory processes have increased corruption risks. The objective of this study is thus to explore the strengths and weaknesses of these organisations' anti-corruption mechanisms and their trajectories since the pandemic began. DESIGN, SETTING AND
participants25 semistructured key informant interviews with a total of 27 participants were conducted via Zoom between April and July 2021 with informants from WHO, World Bank, Global Fund and UNDP, other non-governmental organisations involved in anti-corruption and academic institutions. Key informant selection was guided by purposive and snowball sampling. Detailed interview notes were qualitatively coded by three researchers. Data analysis followed an inductive-deductive hybrid thematic analysis framework.
resultsThe findings demonstrate that WHO, World Bank, Global Fund and UNDP have shifted from criminalisation/punitive approaches to anti-corruption to preventative ones and that anti-corruption initiatives are strong when they are well funded, explicitly address corruption and are complemented by strong monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. Weaknesses in the organisations' approaches to anti-corruption include one-size-fits-all approaches, lack of political will to address corruption and zero-tolerance policies for corruption. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the necessity of improving anti-corruption by promoting strong accountability and transparency in health systems.
conclusionsResults from this study highlight the strengths, weaknesses and recent trajectories of anti-corruption in the Global Fund, World Bank, UNDP and WHO. This study underscores the importance of implementing strong and robust anti-corruption mechanisms specifically geared towards corruption prevention that remain resilient even in times of emergency.
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