ReviewToxins2022
Current Insights in the Mechanisms of Cobra Venom Cytotoxins and Their Complexes in Inducing Toxicity: Implications in Antivenom Therapy.
Review in Toxins, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Harnessing snake venom cardiotoxins for antimicrobial peptide discovery.npj drug discovery · 2026Article
- Role of Regulated Cell Death Pathways in Snakebite Envenomation: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Animal Venoms Targeting Cellular Mechanisms: Advances and Implications for Drug Discovery and Disease Therapy.Toxins · 2026Review
- Early Clinical Approach Prevents Severe Neurotoxicity Following Cobra Envenoming: An Integrated Experimental and Multi-Center Clinical Study in Thailand.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Snake Toxins Affecting Blood Vessel Walls: Mode of Action and Biological Significance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Identification of cobra and viper bites in southern India using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Laboratory medicine · 2025Article
- Systemic Envenomation via Ocular Route from a Neurotoxic Snake Venom Ophthalmia--A Case Report.Journal of acute medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- One Bite, Two Severe Envenomations Despite Antivenom Therapy: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Cobra Three-Finger Toxins Interact with RNA and DNA: Nucleic Acids as Their Putative Biological Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Therapeutic potency of kaempferol against Naja haje venom induced neurotoxicity, inflammation, biological activities, and antioxidant system damage: a pre-clinical antivenom evaluation.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Article
- Development of squamous cell carcinoma at the bite sites several years following suspected cobra (Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Antiproliferative Effects ofToxins · 2024Article
- Article
- Neutralizing Nanobodies against Venoms fromToxins · 2024Article
- Exploring the effects of three-finger toxins from Naja ashei venom on neuronal and immunological cancer cell membranes.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytotoxins (CTXs), an essential class of the non-enzymatic three-finger toxin family, are ubiquitously present in cobra venoms. These low-molecular-mass toxins, contributing to about 40 to 60% of the cobra venom proteome, play a significant role in cobra venom-induced toxicity, more prominently in dermonecrosis. Structurally, CTXs contain the conserved three-finger hydrophobic loops; however, they also exhibit a certain degree of structural diversity that dictates their biological activities. In their mechanism, CTXs mediate toxicity by affecting cell membrane structures and membrane-bound proteins and activating apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways. Notably, some CTXs are also responsible for depolarizing neurons and heart muscle membranes, thereby contributing to the cardiac failure frequently observed in cobra-envenomed victims. Consequently, they are also known as cardiotoxins (CdTx). Studies have shown that cobra venom CTXs form cognate complexes with other components that potentiate the toxic effects of the venom's individual component. This review focuses on the pharmacological mechanism of cobra venom CTXs and their complexes, highlighting their significance in cobra venom-induced pathophysiology and toxicity. Furthermore, the potency of commercial antivenoms in reversing the adverse effects of cobra venom CTXs and their complexes in envenomed victims has also been discussed.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.