ArticleMedical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Population Risk Factors for Severe Disease and Mortality in COVID-19 in the United States during the Pre-Vaccine Era: A Retrospective Cohort Study of National Inpatient Sample.
Article in Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Malnutrition and In-Hospital Death in Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Incidence and risk factors of pulmonary complications after lumbar spine surgery, 2010-2019.Perioperative medicine (London, England) · 2025Article
- Review
- Increased risk of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with COVID-19 pneumonia in comparison to influenza pneumonia: insights from the National Inpatient Sample database.Journal of thoracic disease · 2024Article
- Prevalence and patient risk factors for pneumothorax in COVID-19 and in influenza pneumonia: a nationwide comparative analysis.Journal of thoracic disease · 2024Article
- Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living with HIV: Data from the Balearic cohort (EVHIA).PloS one · 2024Article
- Frequency and correlates of subjective cognitive complaints and objective cognitive screening results in African American adults following COVID-19 infection.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Article
- Clinical features and 28-day mortality predictors of vaccinated patients admitted to a COVID-19 ICU hub in Italy.Journal of anesthesia, analgesia and critical care · 2023Article
- The Founder: Dispositional Greed, Showbiz, and the Commercial Determinants of Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Nationwide in-hospital mortality and morbidity analysis of COVID-19 in advanced chronic kidney disease, dialysis and kidney transplant recipients.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with primary antibody deficiencies.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background-Previous studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were limited to specific geographical locations and small sample sizes. Therefore, we used the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2020 database to determine the risk factors for severe outcomes and mortality in COVID-19. Methods-We included adult patients with COVID-19. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the predictors of severe outcomes and mortality in COVID-19. Results-1,608,980 (95% CI 1,570,803-1,647,156) hospitalizations with COVID-19 were included. Severe complications occurred in 78.3% of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and 25% of COVID-19 pneumonia patients. The mortality rate for COVID-19 ARDS was 54% and for COVID-19 pneumonia was 16.6%. On multivariate analysis, age > 65 years, male sex, government insurance or no insurance, residence in low-income areas, non-white races, stroke, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, malnutrition, primary immunodeficiency, long-term steroid/immunomodulatory use, complicated diabetes mellitus, and liver disease were associated with COVID-19 related complications and mortality. Cardiac arrest, septic shock, and intubation had the highest odds of mortality. Conclusions-Socioeconomic disparities and medical comorbidities were significant determinants of mortality in the US in the pre-vaccine era. Therefore, aggressive vaccination of high-risk patients and healthcare policies to address socioeconomic disparities are necessary to reduce death rates in future pandemics.
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