ArticleCancer immunology research2023
Antigen-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles Induce Responsiveness to Anti-PD-1 and Anti-PD-L1 Treatment in a Checkpoint Refractory Melanoma Model.
Article in Cancer immunology research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting GRP75 by natural compound polyphyllin II triggers mitochondrial calcium overload and pyroptosis to potentiate cancer immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Eliminating PD-L1 on Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles for Immunotherapy Potentiates Immune-Mediated Tumour Rejection in Mice.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Characterization of a transmembrane-activating STING agonist using genetically humanized mice.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Advancements in extracellular vesicle research.Extracellular vesicle · 2026Article
- Article
- Machine learning for extracellular vesicles enables diagnostic and therapeutic nanobiotechnology.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- The role and prospects of extracellular vesicles in advanced drug and vaccine delivery.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- An updated review on the role of extracellular vesicles in immune system modulation in breast cancer with special emphasis on immune checkpoint regulators.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Exploring the therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived extracellular vesicles in cancer immunotherapy.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and drug delivery systems for tumor.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy of Human Melanoma: Past, Present, Future.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Influencing immunity: role of extracellular vesicles in tumor immune checkpoint dynamics.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Advancements in melanoma immunotherapy: the emergence of Extracellular Vesicle Vaccines.Cell death discovery · 2024Review
- Immunomodulatory effects of immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles in melanoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Emerging Roles of Using Small Extracellular Vesicles as an Anti-Cancer Drug.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The extracellular vesicles targeting tumor microenvironment: a promising therapeutic strategy for melanoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are important mediators of intercellular communication and are potential candidates for cancer immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint blockade, specifically targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis, mitigates T-cell exhaustion, but is only effective in a subset of patients with cancer. Reasons for therapy resistance include low primary T-cell activation to cancer antigens, poor antigen presentation, and reduced T-cell infiltration into the tumor. Therefore, combination strategies have been extensively explored. Here, we investigated whether EV therapy could induce susceptibility to anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy in a checkpoint-refractory B16 melanoma model. Injection of dendritic cell-derived EVs, but not checkpoint blockade, induced a potent antigen-specific T-cell response and reduced tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. Combination therapy of EVs and anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 potentiated immune responses to ovalbumin- and α-galactosylceramide-loaded EVs in the therapeutic model. Moreover, combination therapy resulted in increased survival in a prophylactic tumor model. This demonstrates that EVs can induce potent antitumor immune responses in checkpoint refractory cancer and induce anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 responses in a previously nonresponsive tumor model.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.