ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2023
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias among aging veterans: Examining gene-by-environment interactions with post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury.
Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessing neurocognitive outcomes in PTSD: a multilevel meta-analytical approach.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Pooled it
- A multiancestry polygenic risk score for Alzheimer's disease is associated with cognitive decline and neuropathological hallmarks in diverse populations.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Curation of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) Scores in the VA Million Veteran Program (MVP): Applications for Cognitive Aging Research.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Dementia Risk in Patients With Psychiatric Disorders.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Examining the additive risk of TBI and comorbid conditions on dementia in military veterans: a retrospective cohort study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- A Genome-wide Association Study of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia in a Large Multi-ancestry Military Cohort Identifies Many New Dementia-Associated Loci.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- History of Traumatic Brain Injury with Loss of Consciousness and APOEbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Individual-Level Factors Associated With 10-Year Incidence of Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias in the VA Million Veteran Program.Neurology · 2026Article
- Trauma exposure, PTSD, and methylation of the blood brain barrier claudin-5 gene.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- The Role of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a Risk Factor for Dementia: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology · 2026Review
- Trauma Exposure, PTSD, and Methylation of the Blood Brain Barrier Claudin-5 Gene.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- A multi-ancestry polygenic risk score for Alzheimer disease is associated with cognitive decline, hippocampal atrophy and neuropathological hallmarks in diverse populations.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Childhood Trauma andmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- APOE4 and age affect the brain entorhinal cortex structure and blood arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels after mild TBI.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Current understanding of the impact of United States military airborne hazards and burn pit exposures on respiratory health.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2024Review
- Neuronal BAG3 attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive deficits induced by traumatic brain injury via the regulation of autophagy-lysosome pathway.Acta neuropathologica · 2024Article
- Demographics, Clinical Characteristics, and Well-Being of Veterans with TBI and Dementia and Their Caregivers.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Psychiatric Disease as a Potential Risk Factor for Dementia: A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Subjective cognitive concerns, APOE ε4, PTSD symptoms, and risk for dementia among older veterans.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Article
- Antidepressant exposure and long-term dementia risk in a nationwide retrospective study on US veterans with midlife major depressive disorder.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) confer risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD).
methodsThis study from the Million Veteran Program (MVP) evaluated the impact of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, PTSD, and TBI on ADRD prevalence in veteran cohorts of European ancestry (EA; n = 11,112 ADRD cases, 170,361 controls) and African ancestry (AA; n = 1443 ADRD cases, 16,191 controls). Additive-scale interactions were estimated using the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) statistic.
resultsPTSD, TBI, and APOE ε4 showed strong main-effect associations with ADRD. RERI analysis revealed significant additive APOE ε4 interactions with PTSD and TBI in the EA cohort and TBI in the AA cohort. These additive interactions indicate that ADRD prevalence associated with PTSD and TBI increased with the number of inherited APOE ε4 alleles. DISCUSSION: PTSD and TBI history will be an important part of interpreting the results of ADRD genetic testing and doing accurate ADRD risk assessment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.