Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36546399›Full record

ReviewThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2023

Toward an Understanding of Healthy Cognitive Aging: The Importance of Lifestyle in Cognitive Reserve and the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition.

Elise J Oosterhuis, Kate Slade, Patrick J C May, Helen E Nuttall

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
40citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  9. Occupational autonomy and cognitive function: the moderating role of educational attainment.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026
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  13. Dose-response effects and mechanistic pathways linking physical exercise to brain volume and cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European review of aging and physical activity : official journal of the European Group for Research into Elderly and Physical Activity · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Elise J OosterhuisDepartment of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2844-3471
Kate SladeDepartment of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
Patrick J C MayDepartment of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
Helen E NuttallDepartment of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.

Funding

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/S008527/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to improve our understanding of the factors that promote healthy cognitive aging and combat dementia. Aging theories that consider individual aging trajectories are of paramount importance to meet the WHO's aim. Both the revised Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC-r) and Cognitive Reserve theory (CR) offer theoretical frameworks for the mechanisms of cognitive aging and the positive influence of an engaged lifestyle. STAC-r additionally considers adverse factors, such as depression. The two theories explain different though partly overlapping aspects of cognitive aging. Currently, it is unclear where the theories agree and differ and what compensation mechanism of age-related cognitive decline might be better explained by either STAC-r, CR, or by both. This review provides an essential discussion of the similarities and differences between these prominent cognitive aging theories, their implications for intervention methods and neurodegenerative disease, and significant shortcomings that have not yet been addressed. This review will direct researchers to common insights in the field and to intervention targets and testable hypotheses for future research. Future research should investigate the potential use of STAC-r in neurodegenerative diseases and provide clarity as to what combination of factors build CR, including their relative importance and when in life they are most effective.

Indexed as

Cognitive AgingCognitive ReserveNeurodegenerative DiseasesAgingBrainCognitionHumansLife StyleCompensatory mechanismsInterventionNeurodegenerative diseaseShortcomings

Identifiers

PMID36546399
PMCPMC10174283

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.