ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Overexpression of SMS in the tumor microenvironment is associated with immunosuppression in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Integrating innovative multiomics and machine learning strategies for prognostic biomarker discovery in hepatocellular carcinoma: guiding personalized treatment strategies with single-cell analysis.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Spermine synthase in Snyder-Robinson syndrome and cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Transcriptomics combined withTranslational cancer research · 2025Article
- Development and validation of an immune-related gene signature for the prognostic and immune landscape prediction in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by integrated analysis of machine learning and Mendelian randomization.Translational cancer research · 2025Article
- Spermine synthase engages in macrophages M2 polarization to sabotage antitumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma.Cell death and differentiation · 2025Article
- Spermine Synthase : A Potential Prognostic Marker for Lower-Grade Gliomas.Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society · 2025Article
- Integrative analysis of polyamine metabolism-related genes in gliomas: implications for prognosis and therapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Article
- Signature of immune-related metabolic genes predicts the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Predicting lung adenocarcinoma prognosis, immune escape, and pharmacomic profile from arginine and proline-related genes.Scientific reports · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
Disorders of polyamine metabolism may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the precise mechanism remains unknown. This study reports that spermine synthase (SMS), an enzyme involved in polyamine biosynthesis, is overexpressed in HCC and not associated with hepatitis virus infection in HCC patients. The results of analyzing the clinical data of HCC patients showed that SMS level as a categorical dependent variable was related to clinicopathological features of poor prognosis. Furthermore, the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and ROC curve indicated that increased SMS level is associated with poor survival rate in HCC and may be a potential biomarker to discriminate HCC tissues. However, SMS overexpression limited the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which seemed to be related to the immunosuppressive effect of the HCC immune microenvironment formed by higher mRNA transcript levels of immune checkpoints and higher infiltration levels of immunosuppressive cells. In samples with high and low SMS expression, functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that SMS may be linked to the occurrence and development of HCC by affecting a variety of immune-related pathways, such as Intestinal immune network for IgA production, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, Antigen processing and presentation, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation. Subsequently, analysis of the co-expression network of SMS in the liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) cohort revealed that SMS has a broad impact on multiple important immune- and metabolic-related processes in HCC. In summary, SMS is a promising biomarker to differentiate the prognosis, immune characteristics, and holds promise as a potential target for ICB therapy to improve HCC.
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