Observational studyMultiple sclerosis and related disorders2022
Infection risk in a real-world cohort of patients treated with long-term B-cell depletion for autoimmune neurologic disease.
Observational study in Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hypogammaglobulinemia and infections in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with anti-CD20 treatments: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19,139 multiple sclerosis patients.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of ravulizumab in patients with NMOSD previously treated with rituximab: A post hoc analysis of the CHAMPION-NMOSD trial.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Trial
- Risk of infection in ocrelizumab-treated adults with multiple sclerosis aged 55 years and older: a retrospective cohort study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Optimizing the Use of Anti-CD20 Agents in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Central Nervous System Disorders: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Patient Preferences for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) Treatments: Results from a Discrete Choice Experiment Study in the USA.The patient · 2026Article
- Comparative Effectiveness and Risk of Severe Infection in Adult Patients With MS Treated With Diroximel Fumarate Versus Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies: A Real-World Claims Analysis.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- Long-Term Clinical and Psychological Efficacy and Safety of Ocrelizumab in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Real-World Longitudinal Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Real-world comparison of anti-CD20 therapies: efficacy, infections, and immune profiles in a German cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: Ofatumumab for the treatment of refractory anti-NMDAR-positive autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The emerging role of B cells in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- CAR T cells as novel therapeutic strategy for multiple sclerosis and other neuroimmune disorders.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Immunological Monitoring During Anti-CD20 Therapies to Predict Infection Risk and Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Comparative Effect of Standard Versus Extended Interval Dosing of Rituximab or Ocrelizumab in Multiple Sclerosis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Secondary hypogammaglobulinemia and lymphocytopenia in patients with inflammatory neurological diseases on anti-CD20 therapy: risk of infection and infection-related mortality.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Blockade of IgG Fc receptors reduces pain after intervertebral disc injury.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Article
- Review
- Extended-interval dosing of rituximab/ocrelizumab is associated with a reduced decrease in IgG levels in multiple sclerosis.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Article
- Real-world infection risk in multiple sclerosis patients on long-term immunomodulatory treatments.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2025Observational
- Impact of previous treatment history and B-cell depletion treatment duration on infection risk in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a nationwide cohort study.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2024Article
- De-escalation of Disease-Modifying Therapy for People with Multiple Sclerosis Due to Safety Considerations: Characterizing 1-Year Outcomes in 25 People Who Switched from Ocrelizumab to Diroximel Fumarate.Advances in therapy · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundB-cell depleting medications are effective disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. Prior studies have demonstrated that use of these medication is associated with infections and immunologic changes. Limited data suggest that infectious adverse effects may be more common with long-term use. We aimed to investigate rates of infections and laboratory abnormalities in a real-world cohort of patients treated with long term B-cell depletion and identify clinical factors associated with these outcomes.
methodsIn this retrospective, single-center observational study, patients with MS and other autoimmune neurologic disorders treated with rituximab or ocrelizumab for ≥2 years were identified. Linear regression analyses identified factors associated with increased risk of minor and severe infections. Rates of total and severe infections were compared between the first two years of treatment and years three and beyond.
results291 patients, treated with rituximab or ocrelizumab for an average of 46 months, were included. Total infections and infections requiring hospitalization occurred at rates of 25.0 and 3.03 per 100 person-years, respectively. Female gender and current or former smoking status were associated with a higher rate of total infections. Hypogammaglobulinemia and higher BMI were associated with increased risk of hospitalization. Rates of total and serious infections were higher in years three and beyond compared to the first two years.
conclusionsInfections in patients with MS treated with long-term B-cell depletion may be more common with longer duration of therapy. This study provides additional information to help personalize care.
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Registered trials
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