ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2022
Microcalcifications, mammographic breast density, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Osteomimetic microcalcification shapes the breast tumor microenvironment and metastatic potential.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Mammographic calcifications association with risk of advanced breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Article
- Imaging Biomarkers for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Evidence from an Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of osteopontin-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate calcification in benign and pre-malignant breast disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Maximum-likelihood estimation of glandular fraction for mammography and its effect on microcalcification detection.Physical and engineering sciences in medicine · 2025Article
- Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Non-Mass Enhancement on MRI 10 Years Before Mammographic Microcalcifications.Journal of the advanced practitioner in oncology · 2025Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Machine Learning-Based Radiomics and Deep Learning for Breast Lesion Classification in Mammography.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Association of Mammographic Features and Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Postmenopausal Women: A 10-Year Retrospective Cohort Study.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Digital Mammography (DM) vs. Dynamic Contrast Enhancement-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) in Microcalcifications Assessment: A Radiological-Pathological Comparison.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Calcification-associated molecular traits and therapeutic strategies in hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative breast cancer.Cancer biology & medicine · 2024Article
- Vascular Calcification: Molecular Networking, Pathological Implications and Translational Opportunities.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Identifying factors that indicate the possibility of non-visible cases on mammograms using mammary gland content ratio estimated by artificial intelligence.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Impact of GAN artifacts for simulating mammograms on identifying mammographically occult cancer.Journal of medical imaging (Bellingham, Wash.) · 2023Article
- Calcifications in triple-negative breast cancer: Molecular features and treatment strategies.NPJ breast cancer · 2023Article
- Ultrasound for Breast Cancer Screening in Resource-Limited Settings: Current Practice and Future Directions.Cancers · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBreast density and microcalcifications are strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer. However, few studies have evaluated the combined association between these two factors and breast cancer risk. We investigated the association between breast density, microcalcifications, and risk of breast cancer.
methodsThis cohort study included 3,910,815 women aged 40-74 years who were screened for breast cancer between 2009 and 2010 and followed up until 2020. The National Health Insurance Service database includes national health-screening results from the national breast cancer screening program, which is an organized screening program provided every 2 years for all women aged 40 years or older. Breast density was assessed based on the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 4
resultsA total of 58,315 women developed breast cancer during a median follow-up of 10.8 years. Women with breast cancer had a higher proportion of microcalcifications than women without breast cancer (0.9% vs. 0.3%). After adjusting for breast density, women with microcalcification had a 3.07-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.82-3.35) increased risk of breast cancer compared to women without microcalcification. The combined association between microcalcification and breast density dramatically increased the risk of breast cancer, corresponding to a higher level of breast density. Among postmenopausal women, the highest risk group was women with BI-RADS 4 and microcalcification. These women had more than a sevenfold higher risk than women with BI-RADS 1 and non-microcalcification (aHR, 7.26; 95% CI 5.01-10.53).
conclusionMicrocalcification is an independent risk factor for breast cancer, and its risk is elevated when combined with breast density.
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Registered trials
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