Trial reportScientific reports2022
Shoulder stretching versus shoulder muscle strength training for the prevention of baseball-related arm injuries: a randomized, active-controlled, open-label, non-inferiority study.
Trial report in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparison of Baseball-Related Injuries at US Emergency Departments Between High School and Collegiate Athletes: A 10-Year NEISS Analysis, 2015-2024.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Comparison of Shoulder and Elbow Biomechanical Characteristics in Left- and Right-Handed Youth Baseball Players.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The Association between Excessive Glenohumeral External Rotation and Risk for Shoulder and Elbow Injury in Left-Handed High School Baseball Pitchers: A Prospective Cohort Study.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2025Article
- Differences in Glenohumeral Range of Motion, Shoulder Strength, and Humeral Torsion Between Right- and Left-handed High School Baseball Pitchers.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2025Article
- Adherence to Strength Training and Lower Rates of Sports Injury in Contact Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2025Review
- Impact of Pitching on Infraspinatus Muscle Elasticity in High School Baseball Pitchers: A Continuous Shear Wave Elastography Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Preseason Functional Movement Screen as a Predictive Tool for Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in High School Baseball Pitchers: A Prospective Cohort Study.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2025Article
- The effect of Dynamic tape's directional support on shoulder fatigue and pitching performance in amateur baseball players: a randomized crossover trial.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2024Article
- What We Do Not Know About Stretching in Healthy Athletes: A Scoping Review with Evidence Gap Map from 300 Trials.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and weakness in prone external rotation are risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers. While a shoulder-stretching prevention program to improve GIRD decreases the injury rate, the effects of external rotation strength remain unclear. This non-inferiority (NI) study investigates the hypothesis that external rotation strength training is not inferior to sleeper stretching for shoulder and elbow injury prevention in high school baseball pitchers. Participants were randomly allocated to the stretching (n = 62; active control group) and muscle-training (n = 51) groups. Specific exercises were performed each night. Elbow and shoulder injuries were monitored for 150 days. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated, and the hazard ratios (HRs) for injury occurrence were calculated using multivariate Cox regression. The log-rank test was used to compare the injury-free time. A one-sided NI test using a fixed NI margin was performed (significance level, P = 0.025). The injury rates were 22.6% (n = 14) in the stretching group and 9.8% (n = 5) in the muscle-training group. The muscle-training group had a lower injury rate (P < 0.001) and a lower risk of injury than the stretching group (HR = 0.489). Therefore, external rotation muscle strength training is not inferior to stretching for preventing baseball-related arm injuries.
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