ArticleBMC public health2022
Effects of different levels of non-pharmaceutical interventions on hand, foot and mouth disease in Guangzhou, China.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatiotemporal epidemiology and SARIMA-based forecasting of hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak clusters in Beijing, 2019-2024.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Changes in the incidence of notifiable infectious diseases before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Mainland China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Effects of the non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 epidemic on hand, foot and mouth disease in Qingdao, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Bayesian joint spatiotemporal modelling of primary infection and reinfection of HFMD at county level in Jiangsu, China, 2009-2023.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks before and during availability of EV-A71 vaccine in China's mainland: analysis of outbreak surveillance data from 2011 to 2023.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Analysis and forecast of hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic trends in Guangzhou, China, 2013-2023.PloS one · 2025Article
- Influence of the Enterovirus 71 Vaccine and the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in China Based on Counterfactual Models: Observational Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Observational
- Spatiotemporal Changes and Influencing Factors of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Guangzhou, China, From 2013 to 2022: Retrospective Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Trend of hand, foot and mouth disease before, during, and after China's COVID control policies in Zhejiang, China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Circulating trends of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Hubei Province, China: Impact from the COVID-19 pandemic.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Assessing the impact of COVID-19 interventions on the hand, foot and mouth disease in Guangdong Province, China: a Bayesian modeling study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNon-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may have suppressed the transmission of other infectious diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different degrees of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic on hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Guangzhou, China.
methodsWeekly reported HFMD cases and pathogens information during 2015-2021 in Guangzhou were collected from the China National Notifiable Disease Reporting System. The observed number of HFMD cases in 2020 and 2021 was compared to the average level in the same period during 2015-2019. Then, an interrupted time-series segmented regression analysis was applied to estimate the impact of NPIs on HFMD, such as social distancing, suspension of schools, community management and mask wearing. The effects across different subgroups stratified by gender, children groups and enterovirus subtype of HFMD were also examined.
resultsA total of 13,224 and 36,353 HFMD cases were reported in 2020 and 2021, which decreased by 80.80% and 15.06% respectively compared with the average number of cases in the same period during 2015-2019. A significant drop in the number of HFMD cases during time when strict NPIs were applied (relative change: 69.07% [95% confidence interval (CI): 68.84%-69.30%]). The HFMD incidence rebounded to historical levels in 2021 as the lockdown eased. The slightest reduction of HFMD cases was found among children at kindergartens or childcare centres among the three children groups (children at kindergartens or childcare centres: 55.50% [95% CI: 54.96%-56.03%]; children living at home: 72.64% [95% CI: 72.38%-72.89%]; others: 74.06% [95% CI: 73.19%-74.91%]).
conclusionsThe strong NPIs during the COVID-19 epidemic may have a significant beneficial effect on mitigating HFMD. However, the incidence of HFMD rebounded as the NPIs became less stringent. Authorities should consider applying these NPIs during HFMD outbreaks and strengthening personal hygiene in routine prevention.
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